Evocative Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evocative Object - Essay Example ICT refers to technologies that guarantee passage of information through telecommunications. The effects of information and communication technologies reflect on how humans do things in present day life as compared to how they used to in the agrarian economy. The information and communication technologies affect various human fields including health, education, modes of transport, communication, agriculture, governance, security, entertainment, sports, industrialization, and others (Seyler 1). The advancement of information and communication technologies is a continuous process that becomes complex and more effective every day. Nevertheless, these advancements equally have negative effects on the environment where they lead to pollution and security where they promote terrorism. Moreover, they come at a price. However, in most cases the inherent benefits of information and communication technologies are more than the costs accrued. Actually, the benefits of information and communicat ion technologies depend on the mode of application, the gadget itself, government policies, and other external factors. Some of the most common and advanced information and communication technologies include cell phones and computers (Seyler 21). Indeed, there are different versions of computers and cell phones with variant applications that continue to flood the global market. Personally, I have had experiences with technology in many cases in my course of life. However, this paper will illustrate my experience with a cell phone as a form of information and communication technologies. It will equally relate my experience to the society in the context of its technological application. The use of cell phones is growing in the modern world due to the friendly, effective, and advanced applications they contain. Its use varies from different personalities including students, business personalities, doctors, service men, pilots, engineers, and the general society (Seyler 26). As a studen t, I have various uses of my cell phone both inn school and outside school. Indeed, in my very first day in college, I was new in town had a vague idea on where my school is. As such, it was physically impossible to access my school on the registration day. However, iPhone had a GPRS and could thus access Google maps application forming a trusted source of direction. There with just a click on my phones keyboard the goggle maps directed me on the shortest direction from the airport to the school free of charge. This application was so beneficial that my mother actually had to buy an iPhone on her way from work. Again, while at school I have used my cell phone in various significant roles. Indeed, I still remember the day that my friend had an accident along the highway far from town. I used my cell phone again to take pictures of the accident using the video recorder and call the police and the ambulance at the scene of the accident. This saved the life of my friend, reduced traffic snarl at the highway, and ensured timely notification to the authorities. Indeed, I equally used the cell phone to inform my friend’s parents of the accident. Back in school, I use my cell phone in different studies and research. Since my cell phone can access the internet and has a capacity to download and store online information, I frequently use it to further my education. Actually, I use my phone to access emails from my tutors, download assignments, find research materials, and forward my assignments. I do this by connecting my phone to my computer at home using a cable and subsequently use my phone as a modem through tethering. This makes my studying more effective and convenient. In addition, my phone has a calculator that is very relevant in doing calculations at school. Indeed, I use my

Internet As An Information Source Information Technology Essay

Internet As An Information Source Information Technology Essay The Internet is a network of networks that consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and government networks. Internet is also described as the worldwide publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). Internet is the transport vehicle for the information stored in files or documents on another computer. It carries together various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. The Internet itself does not contain information, it is a slight misstatement to say a document was found on the Internet. It would be more correct to say it was found through or using the Internet. What it was found in (or on) is one of the computers linked to the Internet. Every aspect of our day to day life is affected by the internet. Whether it is shopping, business, banking, communication, paying your bills, social gathering, party, learning, education etc. Internet is everywhere, knocking at our door, making our life easier and smooth. Moreover, when it comes to education and research internet is paving way for a great leap and sure library and information centers has no exception. The internet made the information on our finger tips. The libraries of the developed world has adopted the internet facilities to provide the fast and better library services to its patron but this is not the case with many developing nations and third world countries. The libraries of the third world countries still do not have the basic internet access facilities in many cases because of the poor funding and budget crisis, while we are talking about web 2.0 in countries like United States, Europe and other developed nations. This paper has also tried to explore broadl y the importance of internet with regard to access of information sources and its utilities for library patrons in academic organizations and institutions. Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is a residential academic institution located in the city of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Originally it was Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which was founded by a great Muslim social reformer Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875 and in 1920 it was granted a status of Central University by an Act of Indian Parliament. Modelled on the University of Cambridge, it was among the first institutions of higher learning set up during the British Raj. Aligarh Muslim University offers more than 250 courses in traditional and modern branch of education. The University is open to all irrespective of caste, creed, religion or gender. For more information please logon to university website: www.amu.ac.in. Literature Review Pangannaya, N.B. (2000) conducted a study i.e. Use of Internet by the Academic Community: a Case Study. This paper is an attempt to investigate the use of internet resources by the academic community of Mysore University, using survey as the research tool. The paper has investigated the faculty wise frequency and length of use of the internet. Moreover, it describes the emergence of internet, has revolutionized the academic world. Darries, Fatima (2004) has discussed various issues related to internet based reference services under the given title Internet access and use in reference services in higher education institutions in South Africa. An electronic survey was conducted using the web and e-mail to distribute the questionnaire. The target population was the heads of reference services at large libraries and the directors at smaller libraries of the 36 higher education institutions in South Africa. The response rate to the questionnaire was 28 (30.4 %); two returned questionnaires were spoilt. These results showed that all libraries surveyed have Internet access, and all but one provided access to their users. Librarians had access to the Internet for a longer period than their users. User internet training tended to be on a one-to-one basis at the point-of-use. Jay, Margaret and Webber, Sheila (2005) conducted a research study under the title Impact of the internet on delivery of reference services in English public libraries The study aims to investigate the impact of the internet on reference services in public libraries in England. A questionnaire was administered in 2003 to a sample of the public library authorities in England, investigating the use of the internet for receiving or answering reference enquiries, the use of electronic reference sources, and the nature of public library web sites. The paper concludes by identifying the need for public library managers to assess the changing role of professionals and Para-professionals in delivering reference services, and to provide appropriate training. It also notes that despite the discussion of real-time reference, asynchronous digital reference is still more common in England. The above table 4.7 clearly shows the results about the users satisfaction level with internet based information services when compare to print medium. The above table shows that 41 i.e. (45.05%) users are highly satisfied with the internet based information services in comparison to print sources. On the other hand 36 i.e. (39.65%) users have given the average rating to the internet as a source of information access compare to printed sources, while 14 i.e. (15.38%) users are very highly satisfied with internet based information services. The investigators have tried to find out problems pertaining to internet access among the research scholars PG students of the Science faculty in AMU. The investigators find out the major problems and hindrance in this regard shown in the table No. 4.8. The great response in this section is about the slow internet speed. 72 i.e. (47.68%) users complained about the slow internet speed, 28 i.e. (18.54%) users feel that there are lack of sufficient internet connected terminals in the department / library, which hinders them to properly utilize their time at the optimum level. Moreover 19 i.e. (12.58%) users face the problem of too many hits or information overload, 17 i.e. (11.25%) reported about the problem of the missing link / broken link. In addition to that, 12 i.e. (7.94%) users feels that the staff in the computer section of department / library are not technically very sound and therefore needs training and sound technical knowledge. 3 i.e. (1.98%) users complained about the ir relevant retrieval or lack of precision while trying to find out relevant information on the Internet. The investigators clearly find that the most of the research Scholars PG students have the internet access facility in their departments. They also find out that the users from science faculty access the internet on various locations, most of the users are using internet in the departments and in the university central library. They are also browsing the internet in the university computer centre. They are going least to cyber cafes for using internet. The present study also says that the most of the research scholars PG students of the science faculty are exploiting the internet services for their research work. Apart from that they are using internet for keeping themselves abreast with the latest development in the world, for communication purposes, and to search the career development information. Most of the research scholars PG students are using the J-gateway to access the various online journals either from the respective departments, central library browsing section, or fr om the university computer centre. Moreover, the present study states that the print information sources have been affected due to the use of internet based information services in the science faculty and the users satisfaction is quite high vis-Ã  -vis print sources of information. In addition to that, research scholars PG students find Internet based information services easy to use. It is clear from the present study that most of the users utilize the internet for searching the subject oriented information. Apart from that, majority of the users are satisfied with the accuracy of the internet based information sources.

Malibu Fires Essay examples -- essays research papers

Malibu Fires Human beings are able to adapt to almost any environment, unfortunately sometimes we take advantage of our natural surroundings. We find ourselves amidst a struggle between our lifestyles and nature. Although we affect nature profoundly with our activities, we in turn are shaped by nature's potent forces. Nature can be brutal to humans, but we must remember that it merely is following its course. As a result, we must learn to coexist with it. Fire is a naturally occurring phenomenon which humans have learned to deal with throughout history. Yet when fire burns uncontrollably, there is great potential for monumental damage to all surrounding biomass. The Malibu wildfires are an example of one such instance. Historically, wildfires had been left to burn uncontrolled for weeks. Fires were caused by different sources such as lightning or human hunters who wanted to chase animals out of the woods. As prolonged as these fires were, they had limited catastrophic effects on the nomadic humans. This is due to the low population density and the fact that the fires were not very intense. As people began to change from a hunting-gathering society to agriculturists, they settled in communities. Homes built among the wild brush were perfect prey to wildfires. Initially, wildfires were put out immediately and people were barred from setting fires in open spaces. Due to the policy of fire suppression, only one percent of all wildfires escaped early control. The land was safe from fires temporarily, but this set the stage for catastrophe as the brush grew more dense. There have been more than 20 catastrophic wildfires in Los Angeles County since the beginning of organized fire protection. The first "big one" happened in December of 1927. The fire started in the La Crescenta Valley, climbed over the Verdugo Mountain range and destroyed more than 100 homes. In addition to the damage caused in 1927, fires have profoundly affected the Southern California environment. Almost every square mile of chaparral land in Los Angeles county has been burned at least once, since 1919. There are basically two large fire breeding grounds in Los Angeles county: the San Gabriel Mountain range and the Santa Monica Mountains. In 1993, the Kinneloa Fire ... ...xperience. Human beings attempt to fight nature by trying to change or disturb its natural surroundings for the sole benefit of consumption. This is not only bad for the environment, but also for its inhabitants. When Malibu was home to the Chumash Indians, old vegetation was periodically burned to foster growth of new vegetation. The Chumash, who were more closely connected to nature than we are now, learned how and when to cause fires. "A long time ago the Chumash were here and they used to burn the brush every once and a while. It did wonders for the vegetation. the flowers were so beautiful. Then we built houses in their way. we really should not be here (Resident of Malibu)." Perhaps we should learn from their techniques: rather than allowing the chaparral to dry out and die (causing a high fire risk), we should clear out old vegetation to prevent massive fires and learn to respect the environment in which we live in, not abuse it. Nature is not man's enemy, but should be seen as an ally. Humans need to learn about their environment in hopes that a better understanding of natural processes will help humans to peacefully coexist with it.

Comparaison Between Mcmxiv & Anthem for Doomed Youth Essay

In both of these poems Anthem For Doomed Youth and MCMXIV talking about war, Wilfred Owen and Philip Larkin try in different ways to engrave in their readers minds the atrocious actions that war provoked with different language, voice but also form. First of all, the poems are written in a different way. Anthem For Doomed Youth with his ABAB CDCD ABBACC rhyme scheme is in fact a sonnet. However, a sonnet is usually used to glorify love and romance whereas Anthem For Doomed Youth focuses on the First World War. We can assume that Wilfred Owen surely wanted to contrast these two opposite subjects to create an ironic atmosphere. We can already guess the poem is going to be powerful and memorable. On the other hand, the second poem, MCMXIV,is composed of 4 stanzas containing each 8 lines but which don’t have a rhythmic pitch. For me, it looks like Philip Larkin is narrating a tale or a story. In my opinion, the sonnet gives a rhythm to the poem and catches more the reader’s attention even if it seems shorter than Larkin’s poem. Secondly, we know both of these poems are talking about the First Wold War. But if we look a little bit closer, we can clearly feel a difference in the choice of words and language. After reading the first poem, we feel a mix of disgust, revulsion and unfairness whereas after reading Philip Larkin’s one, melancholia, emptiness and sadness invade us. How can two poems with the same subject can lead to such different feelings? The sonnet looks like it is divided in two parts, both of the ‘stanzas’ start with a question: â€Å"What passing-bells for these who die as cattle?†, â€Å"What candles may be held to speed them all?† Then, the following lines answer to the questions. For me, it seems it’s like a speech with two rhetorical questions. The poet asks the questions but already has the answers and responds to it very precisely in a very negative way: ‘no’, ‘nor’, ‘not’ are used at the beginning of a line following the question. Anthem For Doomed Youth is a small but efficient poem. Any word is present for a particular reason. The vocabulary used is snappy and harsh one such as â€Å"monstrous anger† â€Å"nor any voice of mourning† â€Å"who die as cattle†. It sounds like Wilfred Owen wants to shock us. He plunges us in the horror of the war: we can almost sound the â€Å"stuttering rifles†, see â€Å"the holy glimmers of goodbyes†. He definitely wants to express his disgust toward war. Indeed, we are not facing a ‘peaceful’ war as the whole population expected in 1914, these young boys do not bravely die for their nation: it’s a horrific battle which ravage both sides but both stubbornly do not make any move to stop this carnage. Owen makes us feel the constant fear, the incomprehension of this pointless ravage Withal, the second poem has a more smooth way of approach. Philip Larkin wants to have an affective impact. He doesn’t use striking a vocabulary like Wilfred Owen but a melancholic one. There is this feeling of confinement and reclusion; â€Å"shut shops†, â€Å"sunblinds†, â€Å"shadowing Doomsday lines†. Whereas we could almost hear the ‘stuttering rifles’ in Anthem For Dommed Youth, here, in MCMXIV, silence is the only tolerable sound. No one should make noise, in honour of all the dead soldiers who fought naively for a cause that wasn’t even directly linked to their nation. Wilfred Owen expresses the horror of the trench warfare whereas Philip Larkin enters in the impact on social consequences that War leaded to. Life will never be the same again after this tragedy. Not only will the soldiers be shell-shocked, but the whole population will be too. Even though women and children were not on the battlefront, they still experienced the war at home fronts. Owen also uses repetitions to emphasize some specific phrases. The second and third lines both start with the word ‘only’ and are followed by personifications of weapons like ‘the monstrous anger of the guns’ and ‘stuttering riffles’ rapid rattle’; it is almost like the poet cannot even distinguish the human beings and machines. The men do not kill each others anymore, the machines do. The repetition of the ‘no’, ‘nor’, ‘not’ is also a strong sign: there isn’t any hope in anything, we cannot see positive anymore. There is a constant anxiety in the soldiers’ eyes. The word ‘choirs’ is also written two times. The reference in music could be positive but here, it is not. It is a music which leads to an inevitable death. It could also refer to the heartbeat of soldiers. A worrying rhythm that could stop anytime. There is also a repetition in MCMXIV in the last stanza: â€Å"never† (thee times). But once again, we cannot feel anger; only a strong sorrow. Humans can never be innocent again after the terrible massacre of this War. Larkin accepts with resignation what happened: what is done is done. The dead people will not come back. The only thing we can do is remember them and commemorate them. On the contrary, Owen cannot tolerate this thought and he feels obliged to relate the catastrophic event harshly to prevent people to never do that again. The human loss is literally and psychologically intolerable. Finally, we can discuss about the poet’s choice of title of their poems. An anthem is a choral composition having a sacred or moralizing text. So, this poem is aimed to all the heroes who died fighting. Nevertheless, the adjective ‘doomed’ comes to spoil the word anthem. Doomed is just ‘fate’, something inevitable. It is true we cannot win over death but at least, we can delay it as much as we can, whereas the following word ‘youth’ has a tragic connotation. Young people are not supposed to die, their fate is to enjoy life as much as they can but this war comes to destroy all their dreams and hopes. MCMXIV is the number 1914 in ancient roman. We can assume it is a reference to the past, Roman letters still exist after hundreds of years, maybe Larkin wants his poem to be remembered as much as these numbers? To conclude, we can say that even if Wilfred Owen and Philip Larkin did have different ways of approach to talk about war, they both caused very strong feelings. One used an aggressive and impulsive pen whereas the other provoked sadness and respect toward the fallen soldiers. In fact, they definitely agree in one similar point: First World War was a tragedy that no one should ever forget.

Learning Preferences Essay

Describe your strongest dimension on the personality spectrum. My strongest dimension on the personality spectrum was kinesthetic. I think that the results of this test best describes the way that I learn best. Kinesthetic learning style refers to a way of acquiring knowledge in which the learner uses sense of movement to gain information about the world. This learning style is sometimes referred to as kinesthetic-tactile. Kinesthetic learners tend to loose interests in activities that rely purely on listening and viewing. Kinesthetic learners work best in activities that incorporate physical activity. I think that I learn best by using my hands, because when I can do hands on activities I pick up very well. When I can learn things by doing them I also tend to retain the skill easier. Describe how each practice activity reinforced or contradicted something about yourself. The results of practice one really reinforced my learning preference. The results were visual 30 auditory 28 kinesthetic 34 and tactile 28. The results indicate that I learn best using the kinesthetic learning preference. This practice also indicated that I learn well using the visual learning preference. In practice three I learned I prefer to use the more abstract approach and make connections to what is being taught using hypothetical situations rather than real world situations. Also I would prefer to have a more random style of teaching than the linear style. The linear style of teaching most likely too much of one set learning preferences and is not a variety of different styles mixed together.

Free Essays on Valley Of Dreams

Valley of Dreams Silicon Valley or The Valley of Dreams represents many things to different people. It’s the place were the integrated circuit, the first commercial radio broadcast, minicomputers, miniprocessors, gene-splicing, 3-D computing, and Internet commerce were all invented or created. It’s also believed that if it stood alone as an independent country, it would hold the world’s 12th largest economy. This valley could also just represent the place where a lot of the nerds we use to make fun of ran off too. Those nerds however, have become some of the wealthiest men not only in California and the United States, but some are right up there with other world economic leaders. The driving force for the creation of the Valley of Dreams has got to be: â€Å"Get it today, because it may be gone tomorrow† (Kaplan, 27). It is the slogan that most of its residents go by. There’s a hunger that fuels the valley’s residents and pushes them to go forward. Ma ny hope to gain more wealth and others want the wealth but have aspirations of changing the future as well. It’s definitely the valley of the dollar where most people have hit it big or believe they are about to. It’s that attitude that helped the Silicon Valley get where it is today, as an â€Å"American icon† (Kaplan, 13). However, Silicon Valley doesn’t guarantee immediate or promised success. Kaplan explains the rise of venture capitalism in and around the Valley. The story tells of the traditional missed opportunities committed by William Shockley and Fairchild Semiconductor. Shockley was a technical genius with little business sense and his rise and fall marked the beginnings of Silicon Valley as we know it today. Shockley represents only a minority of those who have lived there because he certainly did fail but there aren’t many that can relate to him. John Doerr, Larry Ellison, Steve Jobs, Jim Clarke, Marc Andreesen, and Jerry Yang are some of the... Free Essays on Valley Of Dreams Free Essays on Valley Of Dreams Valley of Dreams Silicon Valley or The Valley of Dreams represents many things to different people. It’s the place were the integrated circuit, the first commercial radio broadcast, minicomputers, miniprocessors, gene-splicing, 3-D computing, and Internet commerce were all invented or created. It’s also believed that if it stood alone as an independent country, it would hold the world’s 12th largest economy. This valley could also just represent the place where a lot of the nerds we use to make fun of ran off too. Those nerds however, have become some of the wealthiest men not only in California and the United States, but some are right up there with other world economic leaders. The driving force for the creation of the Valley of Dreams has got to be: â€Å"Get it today, because it may be gone tomorrow† (Kaplan, 27). It is the slogan that most of its residents go by. There’s a hunger that fuels the valley’s residents and pushes them to go forward. Ma ny hope to gain more wealth and others want the wealth but have aspirations of changing the future as well. It’s definitely the valley of the dollar where most people have hit it big or believe they are about to. It’s that attitude that helped the Silicon Valley get where it is today, as an â€Å"American icon† (Kaplan, 13). However, Silicon Valley doesn’t guarantee immediate or promised success. Kaplan explains the rise of venture capitalism in and around the Valley. The story tells of the traditional missed opportunities committed by William Shockley and Fairchild Semiconductor. Shockley was a technical genius with little business sense and his rise and fall marked the beginnings of Silicon Valley as we know it today. Shockley represents only a minority of those who have lived there because he certainly did fail but there aren’t many that can relate to him. John Doerr, Larry Ellison, Steve Jobs, Jim Clarke, Marc Andreesen, and Jerry Yang are some of the...

Hymne To God My God, In My Sicknesse Essays - John Donne

Hymne To God My God, In My Sicknesse Essays - John Donne Hymne To God My God, In My Sicknesse Hymne to God my God, in My Sicknesse The poem is probably written late in Donne's life, definitely following his conversion to the Anglican faith. Donne seems to be dying of some incurable illness that the doctors do not know how to cure. He begins by saying that he is coming a holy room, possibly in his funeral. Upon entering this holy room, probably a sanctuary, he joins up with the saints of old which he hopes to join. However, he must tune the Instrument here at the dore before entering into the place of the saints. The capitalizing of instrument possibly indicates that the instrument is not necessarily a musical instrument, but more an instrument of the faith, possibly even Donne's own body which is God's instrument used to administer the faith. The second stanza paraphrases the doctors vain attempts to cure him before he dies. He compares his body to the stars because the physicians strive to understand his body just as the cosmographers explore and hope to gain insight into the stars. Donne writes that this is my South-west discoverie, probably referring to the Strait of Magellan, known for its tumultuous winds. Further evidence is given by his saying that by these streights to die, indicating that the tumultuous winds of life will eventually overwhelm his frail body. However, instead of fearing the winds and tumultuous seas, Donne welcomes them as the entrance into a more peaceful place. After passing through the Strait of Magellan, one comes to the Pacific ocean which is very calm and nice rest following the Strait. Donne even questions whether the west can hurt him. The answer is obviously no because if the Strait could not kill him, then the calm ocean will have no chance. However, Donne recognizes that the Pacific Ocean is not his home, but he does not fully know where his true home is. He questions whether Jerusalem is where he ought to live. Donne says that in order to find a final destination, he must pass through many straits, indicating that in order to obtain heaven, one must first pass through the miseries and hard times of life. Donne says that whether he settles in the land of Japhet(Yafet), Cham, or Sem(Shem), he is going to suffer through many ordeals, but that once he puts his feet on land, he is going to praise God, just as Noah did after the flood. Japhet, Cham, and Sem were the three sons of Noah who, according to Jewish and Christian tradition, were the beginnings of the three major civilizations of the early earth; Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. Donne then states that modern society always makes Israel seem like such a promised land with Calvary, Christ's cross, the garden of Eden, and paradise always wrapped up in a tight bundle that we call Israel, but in reality, Israel is no better than anywhere else. Donne makes his life a symbol of the places of earth. He is composed of both faith and sin, represented by Israel and England respectfully. Therefore both parts of Adam, both the faith and sin are the same in Donne as they were in the beginning of the world. The first Adam represents the hard work that one has to do in order spread the word of the Lord and the last Adam represents the fight that every Christian must face in order to spread the faith. In the final stanza, Donne discusses his entrance into paradise. He pictures God as being wrapped in a purple robe. Purple represents sanctity and regalness since it is the color of kings, especially the eternal king. Donne also wants to take on the crown of thrones so that he may feel the pain that one must feel in order to truly preach the word of God. Ultimately, he hopes that others to whom he preached will be received by God the same way he was received. Bibliography Hymne to God My God, in My Sicknesse Bible

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary

The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary Book Summary The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is an illustrated account of the making of the movie by series author. Jeff Kinney provides a behind the scenes look at the casting and making of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movie, as well as its relationship to the Diary of a Wimpy Kid book, the first book in the series. Highlights Kinney then recounts the differing viewpoints of Hollywood executives on what the movie should be like, the initial drafts of the script and the hiring of the director. He describes the search for the perfect young actors to portray Greg and his friend Rowley and their screen test. Kinney includes sketches and essays by the young actors about the character each was to portray, which provide insight as to what they thought about their characters. Author Jeff Kinney and His Books Diary of a Wimpy KidDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick RulesDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog DaysDiary of a Wimpy Kid: The Ugly TruthDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin FeverDiary of a Wimpy Kid: Do-It-Yourself Book

Speaker responce on sport markting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speaker responce on sport markting - Essay Example She has travelled the world so I am sure that she understands the cultural aspect of sports marketing particularly when the market is international in scope. The requirements for this had been outlined by Blanchard et al., (2012), underpinning a degree of market heterogeneity that sports marketers should understand. The speaker’s expertise is on television and she offered really helpful insights with regards to producing marketable content. What made her relevant for me in this respect was that despite her generation in terms of the length of her career, she immediately identified mobile communication as the development that would make sports television exciting and very viable today and in the future. I believe that this is the most important part of her presentation. According to her, there is a lot of opportunities and they are within the platform where content could be accessed anytime, regardless of location. She also cited the role of emerging players in the sports telev ision industry brought about by the new capabilities allowed by technology. Based from what she has talked about, it seems to me that there will be a lot of diversity in terms of marketing. This is where I believe I could apply what I have learned in the presentation to my career. She provided the details with how I would be able to maximize marketing opportunities and engage the target market by using the new media such as mobile communication and technologies such as streaming technology. I see several insights that are applicable to marketing events such as the Qatar Olympics. In learning the tools and strategies as told by the speaker, I think that I could create or build a sound marketing strategy for it, one that maximizes its potential as a sporting event. While the speaker began the presentation with an outline of opportunities, she also gave enough materials that allowed the audience to determine that despite the technological

Legalizing Performance Enhancing Drugs Research Paper

Legalizing Performance Enhancing Drugs - Research Paper Example It is about time when the law and policy makers stopped being hypocritical and paranoid about the use of PEDs, and sought their legalization instead. This is an obvious question. Why is there a debate on this issue in the first place? Performance enhancing drugs can simply be banned because they give an added advantage to their users. Then why are people objecting to the ban? Do they wish to be unfair? Not exactly. Banning of PEDs has led to the introduction of other evils apart from further aggravating their illegal use. For instance, while anti-doping policies in sports seek to â€Å"level the playing field† and prevent sportsmen from taking unfair advantage, they have not been successful at this attempt (Kayser, Mauron and Miah 521). Sportsmen who intend to use them do so without fail, and many go undetected. This proves to be unfair for those who do not use such drugs out of fear of being caught. This has not at all leveled the playing field, as illegal use of drugs is already prevalent among sportsmen. It is just that most of them are not being caught. According to Herper, to address the issue of illegal doping by spo rtsmen: The most obvious solution has always been to legalize those drugs that work, and to experimentally monitor new entrants, including dietary supplements, for both efficacy and safety. Biological improvement would be treated much as athletic equipment like baseball bats and running shoes. If these drugs are legalized, it will at least be possible to monitor the use of such drugs and even level the playing field as those innocent players who were earlier deterred from using them

Comparison assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparison assignment - Essay Example Kids are being given free breakfast at McDonalds by Comprehension assessment test, this therefore bespeaks that it is healthier than KFC and that is why it is being preferred. It has been proven that KFC has fewer calories than McDonalds. By using a simple method of calculation, if you averages the KFC and McDonalds salads and desserts and see which has fewer calories, it is actually KFC that has less. According to this arithmetic, KFC actually beats McDonalds by a double digit in the amount of calories used (Duiker & Spielvogel, 2008). McDonalds seems to have a healthier amount of desserts, but blew KFC out of the water by the amount of calories in the other two categories. Therefore, KFC is statistically and calorically healthier than McDonalds. At some instances KFC is seen as bad. In the first point, that McDonalds is bringing a health program putting some sandwiches, salads, and dessert under 350 calories. They put lost of ads about this program. You can therefore take one ad when we have many around the world. Some of the averages are some way off besides KFC only has one salad and it’s

The first machine age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The first machine age - Essay Example In addition, the development of the printing press technology meant that the public had a variety of sources to get information from, apart from the church – all these changes brought a lot of inspiration especially on the arena of aesthetic (Banham, 1980). Just like the Machine Age, the architects and other designers had an assortment of materials to choose from, unlike in the ancient times when this was limited. Designers started to adopt things that they could call their own, and this led to the development of various artistic movements such as purism, Nouveau, De Stijl, Constructivism, Bauhaus, and Scandinavian. All these movements brought about a lot of impacts on different fields of visual worlds including architecture, furniture, graphic designs, art, life style, and so on (Banham, 1980). This paper will briefly discuss each of these movements and then delve into some of the symbolic examples from these movements, which have made a key impact on different kinds of conte mporary designs. Purism Purism was an alternative of Cubism, and was an inspiration of mechanization. During the machine age, two French artists (Amedee Ozenfant [1886-1966] and Edouard Jeanneret [1886-1965]) provided a response to the fascination and perplexity of pure functionality. The two artists expressed their belief in the significance of artistic rigour, impersonality and precision under the label of Purism. The two French artists who were later known as Le Corbusier sought a more rational elucidation of Cubism, beyond its symbolic and literary baggage and decorative or dynamic motivation. The aim of purist theory was to reinstate painting to an archaic purity in which case representation would be logical, geometrical and patently obvious. The aesthetic of industrial technology and machines was used to model this ideal of essentiality and efficiency in art, which Le Corbusier suggested as a possible repertory of plastic forms (Matteson Art, n.d). : Figure 1: Le Corbusier,  oil on canvas,  1926 The major objective of their work was to provide an illustration of collective values such as asceticism, order and lucidity. Part of their manifesto stated that the utmost pleasure of the human spirit was the recognition of order and the utmost fulfillment of humans was to be experienced in assisting in production, or being an essential part of this order. As shown in figure 1, their paintings were somewhat completely still life representations of domestic components including pipes, jugs, and glasses. Evidently described against a straightforward perspectives level surface, their works complied with a ‘a general grammar of sensibility’ that standardized creative relationships, simplified forms, and drew away emotivity and accident in replacement with chromatic fields and a synthesis of lines. In October 1920, Le Corbusier together with the poet Paul Dermee introduced a review in order to publish their purist and rational principles. This led to publishing of L'Esprit Nouveau magazine for 5 years on a regular basis, until 1925. This publication, perhaps, succeeded in making an original contribution to the avant-garde European movements, which worked better than the earlier repetitive paintings that were produced by Le Corbusier (Marshall, 2008). Art Nouveau Art Nouveau was a movement that was associated with decorative architecture and arts in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe. This movement, which

Property Crowd Funding Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Crowd Funding Position - Essay Example There are three types of crowdfunding, which include donation, debt, and equity. Donation crowdfunding is mostly related to noble causes, where most people decide to invest simply for they believe in the purpose of Crowdfunding. Similarly, debt crowdfunding is based on the concept of peer-to-peer lending process1. In debt crowdfunding, the entire process revolves around lending money, wherein the investors expect to receive their interest on their invested amount and thus, gain profits. In this case of debt crowdfunding, along with the financial returns, investors also aim at gaining the benefit of contributing to the success of a particular purpose, which they believe as worthwhile. Additionally, in the case of equity crowdfunding, people invest in exchange for equity. Fundamentally, here the money is exchanged with the shares. Correspondingly, it can be stated that when the funding is successful, the community’s share value goes up, and vice-versa2. It is worth mentioning in this regard that both debt crowdfunding and equity crowdfunding can be related to property crowdfunding concepts, wherein investors tend to buy a real estate in order to sell it or let it out in order to obtain profits or returns. Aimed at elaborating on the context of property crowdfunding, the discussion henceforth will elaborate on two main themes, which are property or real estate and crowdfunding. In the view of today’s competitive global business world, crowdfunding in real estate has emerged as a new investment option with secured high returns for many. It was following this augmentation in the rate of property crowdfunding that the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 was brought into effect in the US. This new rule was intended to allow all the investors from every income level to gain direct access to the real estate market with the help of crowdfunding.  

Discussion Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Discussion Questions - Assignment Example Businesses found on godly principles embrace concepts such as commitment, diligence, honesty, kindness, excellence and others. By upholding such values, the business will ensure that its products are of high value and satisfy customers’ needs. These are values that most people appreciate in business. Such values can earn a business loyalty from its customers. Positioning involves influencing perceptions of customers about a product (Pride & Ferrell, 2006). To a marketer, not only are words necessary, but also deeds or actions to supplement the words. Words are important since they enable the marketer persuade customers to purchase a product or act in a certain manner. A marketer must choose words carefully so that they can be pleasing as well as convincing to the customer (Pride & Ferrell, 2006). Words must be complemented by the appropriate actions. If this does not occur, customers may level criticism against the business. In order to retain customers, actions must supplement what the words promised to deliver. If customers do not get what was promised by mere words, they will most probably spread criticism by telling others. This may tarnish the business’s image in the eyes of potential

Property Crowd Funding Position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Property Crowd Funding Position - Essay Example There are three types of crowdfunding, which include donation, debt, and equity. Donation crowdfunding is mostly related to noble causes, where most people decide to invest simply for they believe in the purpose of Crowdfunding. Similarly, debt crowdfunding is based on the concept of peer-to-peer lending process1. In debt crowdfunding, the entire process revolves around lending money, wherein the investors expect to receive their interest on their invested amount and thus, gain profits. In this case of debt crowdfunding, along with the financial returns, investors also aim at gaining the benefit of contributing to the success of a particular purpose, which they believe as worthwhile. Additionally, in the case of equity crowdfunding, people invest in exchange for equity. Fundamentally, here the money is exchanged with the shares. Correspondingly, it can be stated that when the funding is successful, the community’s share value goes up, and vice-versa2. It is worth mentioning in this regard that both debt crowdfunding and equity crowdfunding can be related to property crowdfunding concepts, wherein investors tend to buy a real estate in order to sell it or let it out in order to obtain profits or returns. Aimed at elaborating on the context of property crowdfunding, the discussion henceforth will elaborate on two main themes, which are property or real estate and crowdfunding. In the view of today’s competitive global business world, crowdfunding in real estate has emerged as a new investment option with secured high returns for many. It was following this augmentation in the rate of property crowdfunding that the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012 was brought into effect in the US. This new rule was intended to allow all the investors from every income level to gain direct access to the real estate market with the help of crowdfunding.  

MOVEO folding electric scooter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

MOVEO folding electric scooter - Essay Example 2013). When folded, the scooter assumes a shape not bigger than a suitcase and this makes it easy to even be transported by cars. The main objective of designing this scooter is to ensure that we have environmental friendly operating mode of transport that is affordable (Monika 2013). The core material used in manufacturing of this scooter is carbon fiber build with an organic shape design (Monika 2013). When it comes to technicality, the Moveo scooter can manage speed limit of 35 to 45 km/h since it has an in-build electrical motor with wheels with a battery that lasts over a distance of 35 km (Monika 2013). Notable to mention is the fact that the scooter takes only one hour of charging (Monika. 2013). With this information and after the piloting success, this Hungarian company scheduled for mass production to commence in the year 2014. The costing price for the scooter will be $2000 for the first year with likelihood of prices reducing in the subsequent years (Monika 2013). It is for the above stated objectives that the Antro Group Company required a marketing communication plan for 12 months which will aid in marketing and thereafter selling of the electric scooters (Monika 2013). The marketing plan should incorporate marketing communication strategies and budget of not more than $5 million which is meant to facilitate the entire marketing process (Monika 2013). It should be noted that a successful marketing communication plan is one which integrates all marketing activities (Luther 1992). These are activities that relates to one another within the company’s departments which aims at surrounding the consumer without them knowing that they are being inundated with the conveyed message (Luther 1992). To this effect, the marketing communication plan must serve as the initial foundation of the business marketing plan (Luther 1992). Our vision as Antro Group Company is to provide to the people with alternative affordable mode of transport that

The Last Lecture: Dr Randy Pausch

The Last Lecture: Dr Randy Pausch Carnegie Mellon University asked a set of Professors to give a message of a lifetime as if it was their last lecture before their death. Ironically for Dr. Randy Pausch, it was his last lecture because he had learned that he is going to die soon due to Pancreatic Cancer that has spread to his liver. That is what it is we cannot change that, we just have to deal with it. Dr. Pauschs inspirational speech was not about death; it was about life and how to achieve your childhood dreams. His sense of humor and enthusiasm is what triggered the audience to become inspired with his life lessons. Randy Pausch started off his speech by introducing the elephant in the room which he told the audience that he has been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and will die soon because of it. He chose to tell them about the cancer at the beginning because he believes that if there are issues distracting your audience, address them sooner rather than later. He says that we have to deal with what we are facing because it is not in our hands to change the future. Therefore, instead of feeling depressed, we should try to enjoy the time that we have left. If I do not seem depressed as I should be, sorry to disappoint you. He makes it clear that he is not in denial of whats going on, he is just dealing with the situation in a positive way. Randy knows that he has ten tumors in his stomach and that he only has six months to live; he chooses to spend them with his family rather than worrying about the future. Pausch uses a couple of techniques in his lecture to inspire the audience with his talk. He knows that the audience might get emotional when they learn that he is doing to die soon due to sickness so he creates a sense of humor throughout his lecture as much as possible. For example, he told the audience that even though he is dying soon, I am in much better shape than most of you, and he starts to make push ups to show that them that he is physically strong; the audience respond with laughter and applause. Pausch laughs, smiles and tells a lot of jokes throughout the lecture instead of feeling depressed and sad. Throughout his speech he gives away his stuffed animals, wears an Alice in Wonderland hat, and wears a football jacket because he believes that audience is more likely to have fun and cherish life if they see you doing so in your speeches. Moreover, he could have used a serious tone for this speech. He could have stressed every word as if it were a matter of life or death; however, that would have drawn more attention to his condition instead of his main messag e and the point of the talk was to learn something out of it instead of feeling sorry for him. Due to these reasons, Pausch told the audience at the beginning of the speech that he will not talk about the cancer, wife, or children because the audience is going to get emotional including himself as they are very sensitive topics to discuss. Randy Pausch introduces the main points of the lecture and what he will exactly talk about. Even though Pausch tries to give the impression that the speech is not personal, to some extent it is as the content of the speech are on the personal lessons Randy Pausch has learned through life, and he illuminates these through personal stories. The first topic he addressed is his own childhood dreams and shows the audience pictures of him as a child smiling and looking happy all the time to reveal that he had a great childhood. He also stated that one of the many great things that his parents allowed him to do is paint his own room as he had the chance to express his creativity. As a child he believed that if a man can land on the moon, anything is possible. As a child he always wanted to become an astronaut but he never did; however, NASA created a competition for college students to design a certain project and the winners would go up in to the air in Vomit Comet, (a plane used by astron auts to practice before traveling to the moon) and experience weightlessness as if they are on the moon. Pausch was so excited that his students won until he learns that faculty members are not allowed to join. He makes this point by explaining that this was like a brick wall in his life and Brick walls are there for a reason, they let us prove how badly we want things. Moreover, he didnt give up and he had to fake as a journalist as they were allowed on the plane. Another dream that Pausch shared is the dream of becoming a professional football player and play for the national team which he never did. I got more out of that dream that I didnt accomplish, more than any other dream that I did accomplish. Also, his coach in school would make him do extra push ups, laps, and practice so Randy thought he was making him practice extra just because he didnt think he was good enough until someone told him when you are screwing up and no one is bothering to tell you anything , thats when they give up on you. Moreover, the critiques in our lives are the ones who basically love you and care about you. Also, Randy tells the audience that even though he never got to play as a professional football player, football is still a part of him and while talking, he wears his football jacket and ball and starts playing with it. Another point that Pausch makes that I personally thought it was important is that almost every thing we learn, we learn indirectly. He e xplains that by saying that when we send our children to play football, we dont actually send them to play football but we actually send them to learn skills like teamwork and sportsmanship. Another dream that Pausch shared is the dream of sharing knowledge with other and he did when he was selected to write an article in Wikipedia. Pausch believes that one of the most significant things in life is to share knowledge and pass it on to others. He expresses his humor by saying that being selected to be an author of Wikipedia, now I know that it is a reliable source that you can use. The next dream he introduced is Being like/ meeting captain Kirk which he intended to write it that way to amuse the audience and make them laugh. It was his childhood dream to be like Captain Kirk because it was a show that taught leadership skills. Even though he wanted to be like Captain Kirk he got to meet the actor. Another dream that Randy talked about is being an imagineer at Disney Land. The first time he went to Disney Land as a kid, instead of saying I want to experience this he said, I want to make stuff like that. One thing Randy learned during his experience that I thought was important is When you are pissed off at somebody, you just have to give them time and they will impress you. I believe that he is right because there is no real reason to be upset at anyone as we are all human beings who make mistakes. Also, life is too short to be upset with loved ones and you never know when your life will end. Moreover, Pausch became one of the imagineers who designed the game of Aladdin and Alice in Wonderland. This experience forever changed him as he learned that artists and engineers can invent great things together. Another important thing that he learned which I also thought was important was that all good things come to an end and you should try to enjoy it as much as you can. Later on, Dr. Pausch taught a course at Carnie Mellon University for ten years about building virtual worlds. When Pausch stopped teaching the course he gave handed it someone better to run this course. When you have something so precious, you should hand it to someone better than you. There are many lessons with certain techniques that he used to persuade the audiences with, which were about life that I thought, are important to mention. Its important to have parents and mentors in your life. In this part of the speech, Pausch showed pictures of his parents on rollercoaster to once more create a sense of humor. Also, he said that it is very important to give up the time to help others as we are blessed to have what weve got and others need our help. Moreover, dont complain, just work harder. He gave an example of a baseball player Jackie Robinson who swore he would not complain if people spat on him. I think he gave this example to imply that people complain too much; he is dying and he chooses not to complain. Also, when he was in school and complaining to his mother, she said I know how you feel, remember when your father was your age he was fighting the Germans. Once again she uses this example to create a sense of positive energy in the atmosphere. Another imp ortant message is Have fun I am dying and I choose to have fun. He believes that he cannot tell other how to have fun; it is like telling a fish how to swim in the sea. Finally, apologize when you screw up. I am sorry, I am wrong, and what can I do to make things better. Pausch believes that many people apologize but they are too egocentric to ask What can I do to make things better? In my opinion one of the most memorable moments in the lecture is when Pausch said focus on others, not you and as an example, he got out a huge birthday cake as its his wifes birthday and the audience started to sing Happy Birthday to his wife. In this moment, Randy reveals his emotional side when he hugged his wife. It is very emotional because although throughout the talk he tried to be as enthusiastic and energetic as possible, when it came to his wife he couldnt resist but give a sad face. Also, showing emotions is one of the best ways for a speaker to connect with an audience. Moreover, throughout the lecture he reveals the dreams that he had as a child and how he fulfilled each dream; but in my opinion, I think he the most important dream of all that he wants to fulfill but cannot is the dream of: to live longer and see his children grow up; unfortunately, he cannot fulfill that dream. Dr. Randy Pausch concluded his lecture in a very strong way by summarizing his key points to get his audience to think about what he said. In addition, he reaches back to one of the concepts introduced earlier which was the head fake and reveals that his entire speech has been a pair of head fakes; which makes the audience rethink the whole speech in their heads. Finally, at the very end he reveals that the whole speech was not for the audience but for his wife and children. As a viewer, I realized that at the end of the lecture that Pausch was seizing every opportunity to make speeches and write a book for his children as they are too young to have memories of their father. Moreover, all the childhood dreams and life lessons he has taught throughout the lecture were talks that he wants his children to one day know about them and follow those life lessons he has talked about. In my opinion, even though Dr. Randy Pausch tried to hide his emotional side throughout the lecture, the lecture was to some extent touching to the audience. The fact that hes dying in a couple of months ,yet giving a lecture on how to achieve your dreams and live your life is somewhat emotional to the audience. In addition, his situation makes the audience feel sorry for him even though if its not his intention to this speech. I believe that the speech wouldnt have been that successful if another person who was not ill would have given the same speech. Besides the skillful techniques Pausch used, the audience wouldnt have been as persuaded as they were by a different person preaching the exact same words because they psychologically feel like the need to listen to him because he is dying and in a way they feel sorry for him. Moreover, I believe this reason is one of the several motives to why Dr. Randy Pausch was listed as one of the hundred most influential people in the world.

Understanding Antisocial Behavior in Children Essay -- Violence Violen

Understanding Antisocial Behavior in Children In northeast Pennsylvania, 9 year old Cameron shot seven-year-old Jessica with a rifle and then hid it. The reason for the argument was a disagreement over a video game. In Englewood, a suburb of Chicago, a seven-year-old and his eight-year-old best friend became the two youngest murder suspects in the US when they were accused of the murder and sexual assault of an eleven-year-old boy. His body was discovered in a vacant lot. In Stockholm, Sweden, four-year-old Ken was strangled by two boys, ages five and seven, who pressed a stick to his throat, suffocating him after he was thrown on his back (Czudner, 1999, viii). Stories such as those depicted above are becoming increasingly common in today's society. Between the years of 1988 and 1992, juvenile arrests increased nearly 50% (Mayer, n.d. ). Where does this antisocial behavior stem from? How can a parent determine between routine misbehavior and the roots of antisocial behavior? What steps can a parent take to prevent antisocial behavior before it begins or curb it once it has begun? Possible answers to these questions will be addressed through the course of this paper. The role that parents play in contributing to antisocial behavior will be discussed, as well. Before any action or cause can be introduced, it is necessary to investigate how to determine whether a child is participating in routine misbehavior or is exhibiting antisocial behavior. According to Levine, there are a number of signs that should signal to a parent that his or her child has antisocial tendencies. Lack of genuine affection, lack of empathy, overall rebellious attitude, lack of guilt, mistreatment of animals or smaller chil... ...nces Asher, L. & Napier, M. (n.d.). Chicken wire mother. Retrieved November 1,2000, from the World Wide Web: http://www.birdhouse.org/spong/napier/cwm.html Czudner, G. (1999). Small Criminals Among Us. New Jersey: New Horizon Press. Dembo, M.H. (1994). In Applving Educational Psychology. (5th ed.). (pp.466-467). White Plains, NY: Longman. Dryfoos, J.G. (1999). The role of the school in children's out-of-school time. IM- Future ofChildren. 9, 117-132. Henslin, J.M. (1999). In Sociology: A Down to Earth ApQroach. (5th ed.). (pp 202- 204). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Levine,K.G. (1.991). When Good Kids Do Bad Things. New York: W.W.Norton& Company, Inc. Mayer, G.L. (n.d.) Prochnay, J.E. & Defronzo, J.V. (1997). The impact of economic and parental characteristics on juvenile misconduct. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders. 5, 119-127.

Lasers :: essays research papers

When most people see a laser beam they are amazed by its unique physical properties. Laser light is so unique from other light because it is coherent; unlike ordinary light, which travels in all directions, laser light travels in a straight beam. The word laser is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The history of the laser is very interesting. Lasers have changed immensely since they were first invented. Before the laser was invented, Charles Townes developed the maser in 1954. The maser has basically the same principles as the laser, but it involves microwaves instead of light. The maser lead Theodore Maximan to assemble the first working laser in 1960; he did this by applying the masers qualities to light. This first solid-state laser was a ruby crystal laser. A year after the first solid-state laser was invented, the first gas laser was constructed by Ali Javan, W. R. Bennett, and D. R. Herriot. This was a helium-neon laser. The helium-neon laser is the most common laser found today. Many other types of lasers have been invented since then: the semiconductor laser (1962), the chemical laser (1964), the liquid laser (1966), and the free electron laser (1977). All lasers work basically on the same principles. First the atoms in the substance used are pumped. For example, the helium and neon would be pumped in a helium-neon laser. This is where the electrons of the atoms jump to higher orbitals, which have more energy. The substance can be pumped by using flashlamps, other lasers, atomic explosions, electric discharges, solar energy, and etc... When the atoms are pumped, they perform stimulated emission. This is where the electrons are stimulated by photons to release coherent photons of a single frequency and color. After the pumping process, the oscillation process takes place. In this process energy is amplified to make it stronger and more useful. This is done by bouncing the photons between two mirrors until they reach a certain intensity. The two mirrors are one of 100 percent efficiency and one of a lesser efficiency. When the photons reach the certain intensity, they leave the mirror of lesser efficiency in a coherent beam. There are basically four main types of lasers: solid-state, gas, liquid, and semi-conductor. Solid-state lasers are made from a crystalline material such as ruby. The crystals have impurities in them that can be stimulated to release radiation in a coherent fashion. These impurities are needed to make the laser last for long periods of time. If the crystals do not have impurities, then they can have some added; this is called "doping." The crystals in solid state lasers are usually pumped by using flashlamps. Gas laser beams are much more

Discuss the value of chemistry in society

For some time in the modern world, and especially subsequent to the events of September 11th, there has been a wave of concern regarding chemistry and its potential destructive powers. There are many people who hold a fearful attitude towards the chemical industry and its products. This is because the threat of chemical and bio-chemical weapons is very real and is a negative aspect of the business. Also it is often deemed environmentally unfriendly and unsafe for the nearby public. However it is far wider believed that the pros outweigh the cons massively. To display this I have produced a case study on Glaxo Smith Kline. Read this Practice Test Chem 105 Background Glaxo Smith Kline, based in the UK, is one of the pharmaceutical industry leaders, with an estimated seven per cent of the world's pharmaceutical market and declare a global quest to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. This shows just how people based the company is despite its huge size. GSK is also involved in four major therapeutic areas – anti-infectives, central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and gastro-intestinal/metabolic. In addition, it is a leader in the important area of vaccines and has a growing range of oncology products and treatments. The company also has a Consumer Healthcare section comprising over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, oral care products and nutritional healthcare drinks, all of which are among the market leaders. Employees and Employment GSK GSK has over 100,000 employees worldwide. Of these, over 40,000 are in sales and marketing, the largest sales force in the industry. Over 42,000 employees work at 104 manufacturing sites in 40 countries and over 16,000 are in R;D. R;D is based at 24 sites in seven countries. The company has a leading position in genomics/genetics and new drug discovery technologies. The GSK R;D budget is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.4bn. Implications This shows that the industry is a great employer for many job types, including lab technicians, researchers, doctors, I.T. staff, biologists and others. It also employs testers for development of drugs and measure side effects on human patients. This is where much of the development money goes as the patients are only willing to be test subjects for quite large fees due to the potentially harmful side effects. Health and Safety GSK They take health and safety really seriously as GSK. Because a lot of the work that goes on involves highly flammable organic solvents, no heating is done with naked flames (there is only one Bunsen burner in the entire plant, and that is used by the glass blower for shaping pieces of glassware.) In the research labs heating will be done using electric mantles or electrically heated oil baths. However, in the ‘scale-up' plant, where large volumes of soluble materials are used, even electrical heating is not allowed because of the danger of sparks. Instead they heat vessels by passing a pre-heated liquid through an outer jacket around the vessel. No mobile phones or any electrical equipment are allowed inside in case they generated sparks which could ignite any flammable vapours. In the corridors outside the research laboratories there are emergency showers for people to use in the event of a chemical spillage and Hazard warnings are displayed everywhere. All chemicals have hazard-warning labels. Most pieces of equipment have warning labels on them. Details of every experiment were displayed where the experiment was carried out. A full risk assessment is done on any process before it is carried out. If any particularly hazardous materials are being used, a notice is displayed on the outside of the lab and entry is restricted to authorised personnel. In school we sometimes wear gloves when using chemicals. At GSK gloves are used routinely. There are various grades of gloves to chose from, depending on the nature of the chemicals being used. The different grades are colour coded. The researcher has to specify which gloves to use in the risk assessment. Implications These near perfect safety precautions go a long way to proving that the chemical industry is really very safe and does not pose as much danger to the public as is often thought by many people. With the help of modern technology and careful planning the industry, it has become safer than many school science classes! Drug Development GSK GSK spends millions of pounds each year on research and development. It costs something in the region of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½450,000,000 to produce a new medicine. The process of developing a new medicine takes about 10 years. Research usually begins with genetic research, which identifies the proteins involved in the disease. Then thousands of compounds will be tested to see if they react with the protein involved in the disease. This process is highly automated, using compounds stored in the automated chemical store. From this the best compound is identified. This will be the compound, which reacts best with the protein. This will not yet be good enough to be used as a therapeutic drug though. It may be too soluble to stay in the body for long; it may be too insoluble to get into the blood stream. It may be toxic, or have other characteristics that make it unsuitable for use as a drug. The next step is to modify compounds structure so that it has as near perfect properties as possible. For example, to make the compound less water-soluble so that it stays in the body for longer, large organic side groups could be added to the structure. (When penicillin was first discovered it was extremely water-soluble so was very quickly passed out of the body in the urine. Because penicillin was in such short supply it had to be recovered from the urine and recycled!) Once a suitable compound has been found the next problem is to scale up production from milligram's to grams then to kilogram's At this point the drug will need to be tested on living tissue (cells, not usually whole animals) So far this process will have taken 4-5 years. Scaling up production has lots of difficulties associated with it. Reactions that work well on a milligram scale may not work on a 20 kg scale. There may be difficulties associated with weighing, heating, stirring, transferring, cooling and purifying. Ways of solving all these difficulties have to be found. The drug will then enter the clinical trials stage. At first it will only be tested for side effects in a few healthy volunteers. It will then be used in trials in patients with the disease. If successful the drug will then be licensed for use and made generally available. Even after this point the drug must be monitored. Implications There is a massive amount of money being poured into the chemical industry by investors. This is good for the stock market and the global economy, the employees of the company and the public who will need the developed drugs. It is a very safe system and those who are put at risk do so by their own admission. The testers are paid quite large lump sums for testing if the drug has any side effects and are usually young healthy men and women at university or college. Very little testing on animals is being carried out any more. There is testing on animal tissue, but this is done on a very small scale and animals are rarely harmed. This is a great step for the industry, which for some time has been beset by animal rights groups protesting their actions. Also the time taken for the drug to be developed is good for job stability for the researchers and developers who are needed far beyond the initial stages of production. Environmental Issues GSK All solvents are collected in large containers under the benches of each lab. When these are full they are taken away and dealt with in a way appropriate to the particular solvent. All waste from the labs is treated as being contaminated and is incinerated. The ash from this is disposed of in landfill sites. Potentially a very large volume of water would be put into the local sewage system. To avoid overloading the system, GSK have installed a recycling system where the water that passes through condensers is reused in a closed system. This also of course saves water. There are no sinks in any of the labs so that nothing can be poured away like is practiced in schools. They are very environmentally friendly. Implications This is great for the environment as nothing is thrown away. It is all dealt with carefully and the industry is becoming far more eco-friendly than in the past. Conclusion From my case study of Glaxo Smith Kline I have found that the industry is in reform. It is becoming far safer and there are many less ethical issues than ever before. Animal testing is low and the environment is finally being preserved. The industry is good for the economy and employs many people from college and university graduates to product test subjects. The pros of chemistry in society far outweigh the cons and this is illustrated perfectly in Glaxo Smith Kline.

Philippines Online Gaming Industry Outlook Essay

Internet Netopia provides high speed (3-10mpbs) Internet access to achieve customers’ satisfaction and make them feel the uniqueness of the store as compared to other internet cafes. At this speed, downloading large images (pictures), playing music (wave files, mp3s) online and viewing videos (GIF files, flash, video clips) is a breeze. Online and Network Gaming Netopia carries popular Online Games which can be played either solo or via LAN with friends. With this high speed Internet connection, playing online will surely be fun to all the gamers. DIGITAL PRINTING Laser Color or Black and White Printing Netopia branches also have complete desktop publishing facilities and qualified technicians that can assist you in all your office and school requirments. You can print resumà ©, reports or research work from the Internet in either color or black and white. Photo Quality Printing High quality of photo printing is also available wherein pictures taken directly from your Digital Cameras or Cellular Phones can be printed in any quantity at affordable prices. Photo sizes available are as follow; 4R,A4,3R,1Ãâ€"1 ID ,2Ãâ€"2 for passport Angat Ka! Aside from printing and computer usage, Netopia also serves as a supplemental school that offer hundreds of online courses. With the help of the different content providers like Microsoft, CAL, Gapuz and Reviewcard, Netopia was able to promote and offer alternative online modules to those who would like to pursue their courses in Nursing, IT and even College Entrance Exams. Netopia Click Club Join the coolest membership club in the industry, the Netopia Click Club! Enjoy Member rates at Netopia and special discounts and privileges from various Click Club merchants. Visit your nearest Netopia to apply. Membership fee is reasonably priced at P250 inclusive of free eight (8) hours of computer use. Advertising As Netopia continue to strengthen its presence in the business and with the current technologies it possess, Netopia is now into invading the business of Online Advertising. We are now being aggressive in offering our Online Advertising spaces to different advertisers, with the seventy-six (76) branches nationwide and a total of 3,000 computer terminals all ads can be viewed by 500,000 to 1 million customers of different age monthly. Function Room Most of our branches has their own Function Rooms that is equipped with 10-12 workstations. The function room is ideal for any coporate activities such as job caravan, training, recruitment, online interview, testing, gaming tournament, product launch and mini press conference. For booking inquires and reservations, you may email the Corporate Sales Group at corpsales@netopia.ph or call 465-1100 local 2200 IP E-Games Signs Agreement with ePLDT for Digital Paradise Manila, Philippines; 13 December 2010 — IP E-Game Ventures, Inc. (IP E-Games; PSE: EG), the publicly listed online gaming subsidiary of listed technology conglomerate IPVG Corp. (PSE:IP), has signed a share purchase agreement with ePLDT to purchase the latter’s 75% stake in Digital Paradise Inc. (Digital Paradise). Digital Paradise operates the Netopia brand of Internet Cafes. The Internet Cafà © chain currently has a network of 105 cafes nationwide, 71 of which are company owned and 34 of which are franchise Under the agreement, E Games will purchase 97.6 million shares of Digital Paradise representing 75% of the company. Finalization of the purchase is subject to a 45 day due diligence period. E Games is one of the leading online game publishers in the country, offering a portfolio of online games consisting of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games or MMORPGs, and casual online games. E Games pioneered the free to play business model, wherein gamers are not required to pay a subscription fee to play online games. Gamers are given the option of purchasing â€Å"in game items† to enhance their gaming experience. The company sells virtual currency (e Points) that is used to purchase these in-game items. E Games publishes top MMORPGs such as Ran Online, Cabal Online, and recently launched, Dragonica. E Games also has a strategic partnership with GMA7 to publish its casual online games such as Bandmaster, Superstar, and Operation7. Netopia is the largest chain of Internet Cafes in the Philippines consisting of 71 company-owned and 34 franchised branches. Netopia serves over 1.5 million customers monthly, 80% of which are from ages 16 to 35, and uses high-speed Internet provided by PLDT. With Netopia’s broad network coverage, Netopia has attracted many large corporate customers for its training, recruitment and advertising needs. At the retail side, Netopia has become a popular destination, for both men and women for Internet surfing, Gaming, Digital Printing and Electronic Load needs. CEO of E Games, Enrique Y. Gonzalez, says, â€Å"The Internet Cafà © business is a strategic sector of our company, and with the signing of this agreement, we are one step closer to establishing a strong presence in that sector. Netopia is a leading chain in the Internet Cafà © industry and we plan on providing additional investment for expansion.† The purchase of Digital Paradise will give E Games access to a large network of Internet cafes where it can launch, market, and promote its games. One of E Games’ objectives is to increase utilization at Netopia by channeling more of its 12 million users to Netopia cafes. E Games also believes that it can increase ad spending at the cafes by providing advertising customers with an additional advertising medium. Advertising customers will be able to advertise on-line, in-game, and now through Netopia’s over 4,000 work stations. E Games recognizes the potential synergies in the transaction and is truly excited about the growth prospects of Digital Paradise. IP E-Game Ventures Inc. (IP e-Games) is a publicly listed company in the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE: EG) which operates the online gaming business of technology conglomerate IPVG Corp. (PSE: IP). IP e-Games is ranked as the leading online games publisher in the Philippines and holds top MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game) titles such as RAN Online, CABAL Online, and Presidential Award recipient Korean game, Granado Espada. Other games include high-fantasy MMORPG Runes of Magic, and Korean adventure games such as Dragonica and Nostale Online. The casual games of IP E-Games are published under X-Play Online Games Inc. (X-Play), a joint venture company between IP E-Games and GMA New Media Inc. (GMA NMI), the digital arm of GMA Network Inc. (PSE: GMA7). X-Play publishes the no.1 online dance game Audition Dance Battle, MMO First person shooter OP7, online rhythm game Bandmaster, and online videoke game Superstar Online. IP E-Games strategic minority investors include the Philippine Star Group and E-Store Exchange (an affiliate of GMA7). For more information, visit www.e-games.com.ph.

Alan Greenspan’s misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes

Today's policymakers must see past Alan Greenspan's misunderstand of the causes of the consequences and causes of the extraordinary grown of the U. S. ‘s account deficit. According to Greenspan, high rates of saving abroad led to increased consumption in the U. S. An alternative view to the cause of the growth in the deficit is that increased globilization made trade between richer countries and poor countries possible. Rich countries began to buy cheaper goods in poor countries, and poor countries continued to buy their own domestic goods because they were cheaper than those abroad.As a result, the U. S. deficit, which was balanced in 1991, rose to $850 billion in 2006. With the increased trade effects of globilization taking place, the central banks of countries which had a surplus prevented their currencies from appreciating by printing their own currencies and buying thousands of billions of dollars to sustain their competitive advantage. Greenspan argues that no real harm believe that no real harm has been done by these trade imbalances, and that rising debt and progress go hand-in-hand. It seems more likely that the rise of the U. S.Deficit and the paper money creation have generated an economic bubble around the world that is close to imploding. In order to stave off a complete systemic meltdown, the central banks of Europe, the U. S. , and the U. K. have injected billions into the credit markets. The Federal Reserve has been prompted to issue a round of aggressive rate cuts. U. S. lenders have expanded their balance sheets at an unprecedented pace, and the U. S. government is currently rushing through a $150 billion emergency stimulus package in an effort to prevent a world recession. Overall, it seems that Greenspan has confused cause with effect.

Communication Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication Strategies - Essay Example Generally beach areas are populated with tourists and young families who always desire a source of balanced meal nearby. Currently the visitors in Lido Beach are found to survive with only carbonated drinks and packaged snacks. Therefore, the owners have come up with this business opportunity of pizza restaurant in this location. This report presents the effective communication strategies for some possible critical situation that might takes place in the away of project implementation or project development process. These will help the company to efficiently and successfully complete the project within estimated duration of time. First possible situation is that a technical team member has requested a transfer due to project team conflicts. This is a very common situation in project development process. For overall completion of projects, multiple teams work together for different purpose and different categories of work. A project like establishment of a pizza restaurant consists of multiple activities carried by different teams. Each team has individual objective but the overall goal or mission is same. So, there are different teams working together and in each team few people works together for similar works. Conflicts among the team members are very common in project development process which results a major decline of a team’s overall output. Conflicts might happen for many reasons. It might be unequal work pressure of each employee of a particular team. It also can be for major difference in the performance level of each worker in a team which results a higher work pressure on one or few efficie nt employees. Communication gap among the employees or between the employees of a team and supervisor or team leads might results conflicts in a project team. Lac of transparent subjective communication is responsible for conflicts in a team, lower output and delays in completion of

Health care marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care marketing - Essay Example Each patient wants to receive quality health care services. Quality health care is a priority to every individual because it means life. Marketers in this field should identify the specific needs of the client and design health care products that target to address these needs. Comfort and care prove to be the leading need of the patient. Businesses in this field should seek to persuade the patient with quality in terms of effectiveness, comfort, speed, and specialized care. With many businesses in this field projecting inefficiencies in satisfying the patient and his family, a business that prioritizes these needs is likely to stand out among the competitors. Effective marketing should seek to persuade the patient and family with an assurance of expertise in health care provision, speedy diagnosis, and professional advice from consultants. With such conviction, patients will be able to try out a health care provider. If they derive satisfaction, clients will develop a level of loyalt y that is good for the business. On a different note, healthcare providers should adopt a new business culture. These businesses should give the patient the freedom to make an informed choice. This will only occur if these enterprises disclose the charges of their services prior to delivery of these services. A transparent health care system will enable compare prices between different health care providers. That comparison will enable the clients to choose the one that presents a higher utility worth the price. Majority of health care providers assume that patients do not need to know prices before hand. However, it is reasonable to let the patient make informed health care choices. The health care sector can increase clients through effective marketing and deliverance of quality health services. Understanding the specific needs of clients and designing services that seek to satisfy those needs should be a priority. A patient will visit a health care provider

UAL global business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

UAL global business strategy - Essay Example main unclear; of course, there are certain principles, which, if they are applied, are likely to increase the chances for a firm’s success in the global market. Current paper examines the various phases of development of the global strategy of United Airlines; the examination of the firm’s environment led to the assumption that changes are required on certain parts of the firm’s operations – in order to ensure that the targets set by the firm’s leader will be achieved. The expansion of the firm in the global market is expected to successful – under the terms highlighted in the paper; the need for potential changes is also analysed taking into consideration the fact that competition in the specific industry is strong and the effort for entering the global market would require additional support – referring especially to the allocation of monetary resources for the funding of the firm’s plans in the international market. United Airlines was established in USA in 1926; the firm is considered as one of the first of its industry – in the USA market. Through the decades the firm managed to achieve a high growth; however, the event of the September the 11th led to severe financial losses – the firm losses for the 2001 were estimated to $2.1 billions. In 2002 the company asked for the financial support of the government in order to control its debts and achieve a gradual recovery. In 2002 the firm’s financial problems were made more intensive; then, negotiations with employees were considered as necessary – the firing of employees was not avoided. The stability of the firm has been set in risk; however, through the years the firm managed to improve its performance; today, the number of the firm’s employees are estimated to 46,602; in accordance with the Report on the First Quarter of 2010 results, the firm achieved an operating profit of $58 millions in the first quarter of 2010; moreover, the company ranked first in many categories reflecting

Origins of vernacular language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Origins of vernacular language - Essay Example Some of the vernacular language carries an interesting history laced up with all its delicacies and ethical norms. Latin and the vernacular languages Originally Latin was among one of the Italic Languages which later underwent into a continuous development and in each period it showed some significant changes between the literary written language which was influenced by other languages including Celtic Languages, Etruscan and Greek. There was an obvious difference between the linguistics used by an educated class and a uneducated class. It was in c.70 BCE to c.14 CE when Latin was at its peak and was used by poets and writers whose literature is still considered to be a golden heritage. Latin which went into a lot of brushing and grooming by other languages like Greek was then adopted by Western Church in Rome where Christianity was the most dominant religion and Latin fathers helped in compiling Christian Doctrine. African American Vernacular English (AAVE) African American Vernacul ar English is commonly known as a black vernacular as it is spoken and understood in a region where black masses are living in. It is another form of English with difference of grammatical changes in English Language used or understood in America. Controversies are noted with a subject of emergence of AAVE.

Proposal to develop biosensor system for rapid diagnosis of infection Essay

Proposal to develop biosensor system for rapid diagnosis of infection with drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in accident and ER in hospital - Essay Example It potentially kills more adults than any other infectious agent. Detection of infectious pulmonary cases at early stages of infection is imperative to gain control over the bacilli and also its spread. The most prevalent method of screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis is Mantoux TB test, where an injection is given under the patient’s skin and localised reaction is observed for up to 72 hrs. The test is slow, clumsy, requires specialist laboratory facilities and is only effective for detecting advanced disease, it is influenced by multiple factors and delivers false positive or false negative results and requires further testing and interpretations (News release). Research is going on constantly to develop rapid and accurate methodologies and techniques to detect the causal organism associated with tuberculosis. In the past two decades research is being carried out for the development of biosensors and biochips to understand the biological and medical fields and to quantify biomolecules (Vo-Dinh, 2000). It is manifested that organisms have some kind of bioreceptors; biosensors are developed as a means of chemical analysis with high selectivity (Vo-Dinh, 2000). Biosensors are chemical sensors that exploit the high selectivity and sensitivity of a biologically active material (Kumar, 2000). A biosensor can be defined as a device that consists of a biological recognition system called a bioreceptors and a transducer. When the analyte interacts with the bioreceptor (a molecular species e.g. an antibody, an enzyme, a protein, or a nucleic acid or cell, tissue or whole organism), it is measured by transducer as it converts information into an elect rical signal (Vo-Dinh, 2000). Biosensors have the advantage of being simple and low-cost instruments, fast response time, require less sample pre-treatment and display high sample throughput. With the advances in research in this area, novel treatments are required to provide

The Evolution of Federalism Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Federalism Essay Federalism is the current type of government used in the United States. In this system of government, there is distribution of power between central authority or the national government and the local political units. The framers of the United States Constitution decided that a federalist government would work best for the country because it can lead to a stronger and unified government thereby giving focus to the needs of each state and the country as a whole. Every type of government is unique in its own way and each has its own pros and cons. The evolution of a federal type of government has both positive and negative effects. Aside from unifying the government, the local government’s independence results in efficiency due to fast decision-making. The federal system provides convenience to the citizens because they can compare the structure in different states thereby giving them the ultimate decision where they want to live in. A federalist government has a greater chance for progress because their system allows them to strategize and formulate different approaches in their economic and political framework. The existence of a federal government avoids and reduces the risk of authoritarianism (Walker, 2001). There are also several disadvantages of the federal government such as the incoherence or overlapping of several policies among different states and the tendency for unhealthy competition among states due to the difference of governance. For its continued existence, the government needs to formulate a system regardless of the form. No type of government guarantees the success of a nation. At present, different structures of government are being used all throughout the world and by far, the only key to a progressive and successful society lies not in the government itself but the people behind it. References Walker, G. (2001). Ten advantages of a federal constitution. On Line Opinion. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1265page=3

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay Tensile test is a standard engineering procedure to characterize properties related to mechanical behavior of materials. The properties describe the response of the material during the actual loading conditions. The variation in geometry of the specimen has to be considered. Although the behavior of the material inside elastic limit is of considerable importance but the knowledge beyond elastic limit is also relevant but plastic effects with large deformation takes place in number of manufacturing processes. The Fracture toughness acts to stop the progress of fracture in a material. Fracture toughness vary according to the loading rate, environment, temperature, the composition of material and its microstructures together with geometric effects. These factors are important for welded joints when metallurgical and geometrical effects are complex. Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant, surface energy, fracture toughness and derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, surface energy per unit area / per unit mole, and fracture toughness using dynamic fatigue. life equation are presented in this chapter. 2.2 TENSILE TEST The engineering Tensile Test is also known as tension test which vary widely used for providing the base of the design information on the strength of material and as an acceptance test for the specification of the materials. Tensile Tests are very simple, relatively, inexpensive, and fully standardized. Under the pulling type of loading something, it can be very quickly determined how the material will react to the these type of forces being applied in tension. As the materials are being pulled, its strength and elongation can be find out. A lot of about a substance can be learned from tensile testing. As the machine continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete tensile profile is obtained. The curve shows how it reacted to the forces being applied. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing one directional tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the ductile specimen. Fig 2.1 shows a typical stress -strain diagram for mild steel. Fig 2.1: Typical Stress-Strain Curve for mild steel [1] A: Proportional limit B: Elastic limit C: Upper yield point D: Lower yield point E: Ultimate stress point F: Breaking point Proportional limit: Stress is a linear function of strain and the material obeys Hookes law. This proportionality extends upto point A and this point is called proportional limit or limit of proportionality. O-A is a straight line portion of the curve and its slope represents the value of modulus of elasticity. Elastic limit: Beyond proportional limit, stress and strain depart from straight line relationship. The material however, remains elastic upto state point B. The word elastic implies that the stress developed in the material is such that there is no residual or permanent deformation when the load is removed. Upto to this point, the deformation is reversible or recoverable. Stress at B is called the elastic limit stress; this represents the maximum unit stress to which a material can be subjected and is still able to return to its original form upon removal of load. Yield point: Beyond elastic limit, the material shows consideral strain even though there is no increase in load or stress. This strain is not fully recoverable, i.e., there is no tendency of the atoms to return to their original position. The behavior of the material is inelastic and the onset of plastic deformation is called yielding of the material. The point C is called the upper yield point and point D is the lower yield point. The difference between the upper and lower yield point is small and the quoted yield stress is usually the lower value. Ultimate strength or tensile strength: After yielding has taken place, the material becomes strain hardened (strength of the specimen increases) and an increase in load is required to take the material to its maximum stress at point E. Strain in this portion is about 100 times than that of the portion from O to D. Point E represents the maximum ordinate of the curve and the stress at this point is known either as ultimate stress or the tensile stress of the material. Breaking strength: In the portion EF, there is falling off the load (stress) from the maximum until fracture takes place at F. The point F is referred to as the fracture or breaking point and the corresponding stress is called the breaking stress [1]. The stress-strain curve is constructed from the load-elongation measurements (fig.2.2).The stress used in this stress-strain profile is the average longitudinal stress in the Tensile Test. It can be obtained by dividing the load by original area of cross-section of the specimen. Stress = (2.1) The strain used for the engineering stress-strain curve is the average linear strain, which is the rate of the elongation of gauge length of the specimen, and its original length. = = = (2.2) Fig 2.2: The Engineering Stress-Strain Curve [2] The magnitude and shape of the stress-strain curve of a metal will depend upon its prior history of plastic deformation, heat treatment, composition , and the strain rate, temperature, and state at which stress imposed during the testing. The different type of parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a metal are the percentage elongation, reduction of area, tensile strength and yield strength. The first two are ductility; the last two indicates strength parameters. In the zone of elastic limit, strain is measured by an extensometer attached to the gauge length. In the elastic limit stress is linear proportional to strain. When the load exceeds a value above the yield strength, the specimen undergoes to plastic deformation. It is permanently deformed if the load is released to zero. The stress, to produce continuous plastic deformation, increases with increasing plastic strain i.e. the metal strain-hardens [2] . The volume of the specimen remains constant during plastic deformation, = o o (2.3) Where = Final area of cross section of specimen = Final length of specimen o = Original area of cross section of specimen o = Original length of specimen And as specimen elongates, due to this it decreases uniformly in cross sectional area. At the beginning the strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and the engineering stress continues rises with increasing strain finally a point is arrived where the effect of decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is higher than the increase in deformation load arising from the strain hardening. This typical condition reaches first at some point in the specimen that is slightly weaker than the rest. The further non elastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. For the reason that the cross-sectional area now is decreasing far more rapid rate than the deformation load is increased by strain hardening, the actual amount of load required to deform the specimen falls and the engineering stress in the same way continues to decrease until fracture occurs. Many varieties of fractures can occur during the processing of m etals and their use in different types of application. One of them is the Ductile Fracture. [3] 2.2.1 DUCTILE FRACTURE Ductile fracture has been defined as fracture occurring with appreciable gross deformation. Ductile fracture in tension is usually defined by a localized reduction in diameter called necking. Very ductile metals may actually draw down to a line or a point before separation. This kind of failure is usually called by rupture. Consider segment of a cylindrical bar of length , cross-sectional area A0 and subjected to a load as shown in fig 2.3(a) when the load is increased to 12 and further to , the area of cross-section decreases to 12 and and length elongates to 12210 as shown in figs. 2.3 b-c-d. The conventional stress and conventional strain are obtained in each case by It clearly shows that the original A is assumed constant .This criteria may be true for elastic range only as elastic reduction in cross-sectional area is negligible , being only about 0.1% . The strains are also very small. However, while dealing with the plastic range, the reduction in cross-sectional area and the strain are large (compare Fig. 2.3 a and b). Hence cannot be taken as constant, and may not be used for strain calculations at all the loads. Thus the need arises to obtain true stress and true strain in plastic range. These are determined in steps as follows [4]. Fig 2.3: Stages in the formation of a cup-and-cone fracture [4]. 2.3 Universal Testing Machine The servo hydraulic testing machines provide both load controlled and displacement control machine. These versatile machines are well adapted to computer control. With modern computer control it is possible to conduct tests based on the control of calculated variables such as true strain or stress intensity factor. Fig2.4 shows a picture of Universal Testing Machine. In UTM top cross head can be adjusted to three positions for extended tension tests (the left hand side of the machine). There are two main hand wheel controls, one for applying and the other for releasing the load. The loading valve is designed in so manner that at any setting, needed for applying incremental loads, for applying the loads quickly, for holding the loads steady and for removing the loads. An autographic recorder is used to plot the stress-strain curve during the test itself. Specimens are attached to a movable grip and to a fixed side-gripping device. A parallel spring is made of four thin plates to serve as the straight guide mechanism for the movable grip. The movable grip and straight guide mechanism are lifted over the base of the tensile testing machine so that they were not affected by friction which would otherwise seriously impair the accuracy of the Tensile Tests. Load is applied by pulling (using a precision translation stage driven by a D.C. motor) one end of steel belt, the other end, is connected to the movable grip. A load cell with a rated capacity is used to measure the load, which is the sum of the loads applied to the specimen and parallel spring. The load applied or the specimen is calculated by subtracting the load applied to the parallel spring, calculated from the Fig 2.4: Universal Testing Machine. [3] Characteristics of the parallel spring measure in advance, from the measure load. The elongation was determined by measuring the relative displacement of the two gauge marks on the specimen. The characteristics of the testing machine have a strong influence on the shape of the stress-strain diagram and the fracture behavior a rigid testing machine with a spring constant is known as a hard machine. A screw-driven mechanical machine tends to be hard machines, while hydraulically driven testing machines are soft machines. A hard testing machine produces the upper and lower yield point, but in a soft machine only the extension at constant load will be recorded. Universal Testing Machine is used to conduct the Tensile Test. There are two types of machines used in tension testing. 1. Load controlled machine 2. Displacement controlled machines [3]. 2.4 ELASTIC CONSTANT Materials may be isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic. Isotropic materials posses four elastic constants named Youngs modulus Poissons ratio shear modulus and bulk modulus These constants are invariant and do not ordinarily change under any effect . Strain and stress on basis of atomic theory Force versus distance of atomic separation curve and bond length described in fig 2.5.The inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to when a compressive force is applied. Similarly on application of a tensile force the inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to this externally applied force is equal in magnitude but opposite in nature of inter-atomic force Therefore (2.4) Fig 2.5: Change in inter atomic distance on application of compressive forces [5]. Where is the potential energy which in the most general way can be expressed as (2.5) Hence are constant in which .The increase in length of interatomic distance is called elongation, and is given by to (2.6) Similarly the decrease in length of inner -atomic distance is called contraction ,and it is express as, (2.7) (a). The Strain is then defined as the change in length of inter atomic distance over bond length . The tensile strain ÃŽÂ µt and compressive strain ÃŽÂ µc are related as [5] ÃŽÂ µt = = and ÃŽÂ µc = = (b). The Stress à Ã†â€™ is defined as the internal resisting force i.e. inter atomic force F per unit cross sectional area A of a material. Therefore à Ã†â€™ = Due to Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 it can be written as à Ã†â€™ = = = (2.8) The stress can be either tensile or compressive in nature. Poissons Ratio: A material, subjected to a tensile stress, elongates in the direction of tensile axis but contracts in the transverse direction the transverse strains always bear a constant ratio, with the longitudinal strain. This ratio is called Poissons ratio and is expressed by (2.9) Youngs modulus: In the fig 2.5 a tangent is drawn at .It coincide with the curve over a small range and . AB is in elastic region. This slope is proportional to the youngs modulus E of a material, Thus [5] It may be approximated that the force acts on area which is the average area per atom since number of bonds per unit area is 1/ and also knowing macroscopically that stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit (Hookes law), (2.10) (2.11) The youngs modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus. Its value for a material is influenced by factor such as bonding character, temperature, and anisotropy strongly bonded solids with three dimensional network possess high values of elastic modulus [5]. The effect of temperature is to lower down the elastic modulus by 10% to 20% between 0 K to melting point .The variation of as a function of temperature for carbon steel can be expressed by (2.12) Where is in Kelvin and is in kgf/cm2 Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and the shear strain ÃŽÂ ³ is defined as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity It is related to the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio by (2.13) Bulk Modulus: A material under three dimensional loading is subjected to the stresses axes respectively. The initial volume of the material changes by then lk modulus or modulus of elasticity of volume is defined as the ratio of average stress to volumetric strain and is expressed by [5] (2.14) Where (2.15) And (2.16) (2.17a) (2.17 b) (2.17c) Here are the linear strains along axes respectively.is related to and by = (2.18) The three elastic modulii are related as (2.19a) In materials such as gels, pastes, putties and colloidal system, therefore (2.19b) 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Fracture toughness, is defined as resistance of a material to failure from fracture starting from preexisting crack. Mathematically, it is expressed as = (2.20) Where is a dimensionless factor which depends upon the following: The geometry of the crack and material. 2. The loading configuration if the sample is subject to tension or bending. 3. The ratio of crack length to specimen width. 4. Amount of load (stress) applied to the specimen Where = crack length. = width of specimen Fig 2.6: A specimen with an interior crack [6]. Note that the entire crack length is equal to a Fig 2.7: A specimen with a through-thickness crack [6]. Fig 2.8: A specimen with a half circle surface crack [6]. Figure 2.6 shows that a is not always the total length of the crack, but sometimes it is half of the crack length in case of Interior crack [6]. The values for Y vary with respect to the shape and location of the crack. Some important values of Y for short cracks subjected to a tension load are as follows: For an interior crack which is shown in fig 2.6. For a through-thickness surface crack which is shown in fig 2.7 For a half-circular surface crack which is shown in fig 2.8 Fracture toughness,has the English customary units of psi inch1/2,and the SI units of MPa m1/2 2.5.1 Plane strain fracture toughness For thin samples, the value decreases with increasing sample thickness, b, as shown in Figure 2.9. Finally, becomes independent of b, called as the conditions of plane strain. This fixed value of becomes known as the plane strain fracture toughness. Mathematically, it is expressed as: = [7]. (2.21) Fig 2.9: A fracture toughness vs. thickness graph [7]. This value for the fracture toughness is the value normally specified because it is never greater than or equal to. The I subscript for, stands for mode I, or tensile mode [7]. 2.5.2 Fracture toughness testing machine A sharp fatigue crack(break) is inserted in the specimen, which is loaded to failure. The crack driving force is measured for the failure condition, giving the fracture toughness [9]. g Fig 2.10: Fracture mechanics testing. [9] 2.5.3 Test specimens for fracture toughness The mostly uses fracture toughness test configurations are the single sharp edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact (CT) specimens, as shown in fig 2.11. These type of compact specimen has the advantage that it requires less amount of material, but is more expensive to machine and more difficult to test compared with the SENB specimen. Special requirements are needed for temperature control, for this purpose we use an environmental chamber. The SENB specimens are typically immersed in a bath for low temperature tests. Although the compact specimen is loaded in tension, the crack tip conditions are predominantly bending (high constraint). If limited materials are available, it is possible to construct the SENB specimens by welding extension pieces (for the loading arms) to the material sample. (Electron beam welding(EBW) is typically used, because the weld is narrow and causes little distortion). Fig 2.11: Examples of common fracture toughness test specimen (a) SENB Specimen (b) CT Specimen [10]. Other specimen configurations are the centre-cracked tension (CCT) panels, single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens, and shallow-crack tests. These special types of tests are connected with lower levels of constraint, and can be more structurally representative than standard CT or SENB specimens. The SENT specimens are being used to determine fracture toughness of pipeline girth in submarine pipelines, especially where the installation method involves plastic straining. The position and orientation of the specimens are important. The location and orientation of the notch is critical, especially for welded joints. The orientation of the notch is defined with respect to either the weld axis or the rolling direction or forging axis of other components. In the standard SENB C T specimens are shown in Fig 2.11, the notch depth is range of 45 to 70% of the specimen width, W, giving a lower-bound conservative estimate of fracture toughness, because of the high level of crack tip constrai nt generated by the specimen design only [10]. 2.5.4 Fracture toughness Measurement Fig 2.12: Two ASTM standard compact specimen of different Widths (b). [8] There are many different experiments which can be used to obtain a value of. Almost any size and shape of sample can be used as long as it is consistent with mode I crack displacement. A possible and very simple experiment that can be performed to find a value for fracture toughness by screw-driven universal testing machine. This testing machine loads the specimen, at a constant strain rate, while a Load vs. Displacement curve is plotted by an X-Y recorder. From this plot, a possible value for Y can be calculated. With this value can be calculated. [8] 2.5.5 Effect of temperature on fracture toughness Fracture toughness varies with temperature, crack size and crack location and does not change with sample thickness. Fracture toughnessdoes also vary with strain rate, shown in figure 2.13 [9] Fig 2.13 : Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature for several steels. [9] 2.6 SURFACE ENERGY Surface energy is defined as the potential energy per unit area of surface film. It may be also defined as the amount of work done in increasing the area of the surface film through unity. Surface energy per unit area is also known as surface tension of liquid [11]. 2.6.1 Surface energy measurement of the solid The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence also the surface energy density). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of the liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). However, such a method cannot be used to measure the surface energy of a solid materials for the reason that stretching of a solid membrane induces elastic energy in the bulk in addition to increasing the surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is usually measured at high temperatures. At such temperatures the solid creeps and even though the surface area changes, the entire volume remains approximately constant [11]. 2.7 FATIGUE POTENTIAL ENERGY (U0) AND LETHARGY COEFFICIENT (ÃŽÂ ³) The dynamic fatigue equation for high-cycle fatigue under fully reversed tension-compression loading is given by [12]. =constant (2.18). From Eq. (2.18) we can say that (2.19) Where is alternating stress amplitude that gives and=1 Eq. (2.18) is rewritten as â‚ ¬Ã‚   (2.20) Lethargy coefficient can be calculated from S-N curve, to the a variation of stress amplitude to the logarithm of number of cycles to failure, as shown in fig 2.14 Fig 2.14: The S-N curve [12]. 2.8 MICROSTRUCTURAL PROCESS UNDER HIGH- CYCLE FATIGUE LOADING For high-cycle fatigue conditions, stress amplitude is below yield strength of the material, so that the strain is normally elastic. If strain is purely elastic, These will be no fatigue because elastic straining is, a reversible process. However, this difficulty is associated with over-simplification introduced by concept of a yield strength and assumption of purely elastic deformation below this yield strength. All metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stresses. This is called microstrain, because at stresses well below yield strength the magnitude of plastic strain is small as compare to elastic strain. Microscopic examination of surfaces of samples that have been subjected to cyclic loading reveals that micro strain occurs in homogeneously in the sample, with the entire strain seemingly concentrated in a relatively few slip bands. These slip bands form during the first few thousand cycles and remain active until after a crack is formed. Because straining in these bands continues after the bulk of material has stopped undergoing strain, they are called persistent slip bands. Since the strain is so inhomogeneous, plastic strain amplitude in persistent slip bands is quite large compared to average strain amplitude. Thus damage accumulation leading to crack formation can continue in persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. The nature of damage which leads to crack formation in high cycle fatigue seems to be related to formation of intrusions and extrusions within slip bands. In this phenomenon, material is pushed out of surface at one point in the band and material is drawn in to form deep valleys at other points in the bands. Once a true crack has formed in a material, the presence of the crack itself dominates the stress and strain behavior in its vicinity. The development of the theory of fracture mechanics to describe the behavior of bodies which contain cracks has been quite useful in reaching an understandi ng of the process of crack propagation in fatigue [13]. 2.9 SURFACE ENERGY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS The Arrhenius model for the fatigue life equation and Zhurkovs static fatigue equation are of the same type, given as [14] = (2.21) Where = fatigue life of the material = material constant = Kelvin temperature =bonding energy constant of material = lethargy coefficient = function of dynamic fatigue model The fraction of the life already passed by as follows , (2.22) = fraction of the life passed in the time interval dt. The whole life is integrated like = 1 (2.23) In ordinary uniaxial Tensile Test, it is assumed that temperature is constant and that the stress increases linearly Eq. (2.23) becomes Where is the time from the start of loading up to fracture. Because fracture begins at the ultimate tensile strength, the stress is maximum at Eq. (2.23) is simplified as (2.24) The surface energy per mole is defined as (2.25) and the surface energy per unit area as = (2.26) Where surface energy per unit area for elastic brittle fracture is the time for elastic brittle fracture In terms of displacement, the surface energy is given as = (2.27) Eq. (3.27) can be written as = (2.28) Finally fracture toughness may be given as . (2.29) 2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS In this chapter we have discussed that fracture toughness is very important for welded joints where geometric effects are complex .Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant and surface energy and fracture toughness are presented in this chapter. The derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, and surface energy per unit area, surface energy per unit mole and fracture toughness from dynamic fatigue equation are carried out.