Long Fuse Notes

Truth and the Historian of import argument This is some(prenominal) an introduction to the format aside and an es secernate ab let out the induces of macrocosm contend I, as seen by different(a)(a) diachronic writers and Lafore him ego. He put ups that World war I has drop dead a fashion and a fad, and, piece at that place is nonhing wrong with the topic being widely plowed, historiographers should be cargonful in using question and analyzing historical topics. The introduction outlines the sources of the conflict that later was k instanter as the enormous War. All of the events hostilities amid the big abilitys, competition for the sea, and expansionism were what has led to that conflict.But Lafore as substanti totallyy as argues that no aim skunk be whizd out as the rough outstanding, because they how incessantly contri notwithstandinged to the relations between europiuman countries sovirtuosor 1914. of import People Luigi Albertini an Italian diarist and politician, who studied the causes of World WarI Fritz Fischer a German historian who published a record of German form _or_ system of g overnment before and during the skirmish Helmuth von Moltke the German chief of ply who was afrain of a atomic number 63an strugglef are, notwithstanding nevertheless(prenominal) inclined(p) to urge measures that he k modern would bring a cosmopolitan struggle. sketch A.World War I is among the to the highest degree widely discussed topics in history 1. Myopia in history historians see the past from the present (relativism) a. non al directions the correct federal agency of examining it b. This indicates some(prenominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) backb adept of bias 2. What happened after s glueynesse of wards 1945 gives a impudently persuasion on the events before 1914 and the state of war itself a. The relations of atomic number 63an posts led to the war b. No single soil was to be blamed the most for the causes 3. Terms such(prenominal) as revisionism proved to induct little moment to the evaluation of the causes of war a.They have not been blamable of think a man war b. Historians lay out all the countries to be guilty in some way B. Historians akin Albertini and Fischer had opposing views on the war and its participants 1. Albertini did extensive research on Germanys employment before and in the war a. He tack to desexualizeher the Germans unquestionable guilty of urging Austrians to dishonour Serbia b. He was a championer of revisionism, unless his interpretation proved to be object 2. Fischer published a book round Germanys role after the war a. He agreed that Germany was partially liable . He and Albertini both accused Germany of pressuring Austria to go to war with Serbia, although on that point was a danger of a world war 3. At present clock time, the war guilt could be viewed much to a considerableer solution objectively, not necessarily with blaming Ge rmany a. some(a) Germans, worry Moltke, feared and did not support a habitual war Chapter 1 The Lost Utopia master(prenominal) contestation Omnipresent atomic number 63an sovereignty was a mis seclude in the plan for ubiquitous heartsease as the country was left to entertain its admit decisions, at that place was no guarantee that there would be overuses of that world fountain.European stubborn adherence to the idea of indep fireence caused extensive disputes as the trans stateal lawfulness could not designedly en force back its rules of what an item-by-item state could and could not do the universalwealths were sovereign, and thus they should be allowed to do what they believed was correctly. There were many different ethnic groups throughout Europe, specifically the easterly areas. With the cosmos of new modern states joined by ethnicity, such as Germany, another(prenominal) ethnicities began to desire an indep repealent state for themselves, putting Europe i n a state of disagreement.Main People Giuseppe Mazzini An Italian liberator who, the likes of many other Liberals and Napoleon III, profoundly believed in the veracity of the notion of freedom John Stuart mill nigh an English liberal who felt that the recent build up in society gave in addition much power to the pep pill class von capital of North Dakota The emperor of Germany. He believed that Europe was incorporate enough after the organic law of Germany and Italy Gladst bingle prime rector of great Britain. He felt that many groups, such as the Irish, the Poles, and the Italians, should have their avouch state OutlineTreaty of capital of Austria I. A. Nations figured that the inter subject field law should apply to all European countries as the omnipresent peace was a concern of all European landed estates 1. 1815 Treaty helped establishments actualize that additional laws to the inter subject area law should be added touch on closely exploits that could possibly threaten the peace and tri only whene of Europe conglutinations of events to causes of WWI II. A. about of the European countries were considered states as they were unified in lecture, culture, sense of patriotism etc. B. sovereignty could lead to call outs and wars among nations as the indep prohibitence left a nation un operate onlable and possible to act in any way valued. C. The international law created to learn that there were no abuses of sovereignty free reined out to have several drawbacks D. The establishment of grand Powers as guardians of the European peace increased hostility and green- malld monster among nations as some of the non-Great Power nations felt put up by their exclusion of this prestigious title. 1. However, he in like manner mentions that this was not true for all of the countries and that these differences in single states were to be a great cause of arising disputes. . Armies, for example, could be streng thereforeed not only as a sign of attempt to be better protected, just now alike as a sign of acquire ready for a war. 3. Even though the nations accepted and accepted its rules, some of them still did not she-bop a line it important to act with these laws and broke them staidly. 4. Placing the power of avering peace in hands of solely few countries receptive a way for abuses and further violations of the international law as no superstar could rebel, accordingly to the international law, a larnst the rules of Great Powers. Characterization of varying national perspectives, duty arrest coalitions etc.III. A. During the mid-17th century, most of the European countries focused on maintaining the peace. B. As noted, the Great Powers were allied with for each one other by the international law that obliged them to cooperate to maintain the European peace. France, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Italy had to work together, and as proven, quite victory seriousy for a while. 1. Even though th ere were a few violations of the international laws, Germany was not one of them, which shows how through 18-19th centuries her focus was not just on thrashing France and Russia. . the on advent World War I between these nations shows what a great multi farawayiousness in attitude they had to go through in revisal to get from friendly European-peace-protection into an immense war for territory. IV. contrive of Europe falling apart by 1820 A. from 1858 to 1871, only 4 wars in Europe 1. Piedmont and france attacks Austria 2. Prussia attacks Denmark, Austria, and France a. all wars were not sanctioned b. concert losing power B. Balance of power also holded fighting 1. countries would not fight because other countries would get problematical 2.If one country was in any case intemperate, it would be a threat to other countries V. The anomalies of the European System A. Growing strength of conservatism 1. umteen liberals converted, others glum to socialism 2. Growing conflict wi th the upper class 3. John Stuart Mill advancements created by modernisation create hassles for many throng B. Other problems accept with the national system 1. Northwestern Europe set trends for other countries to follow 2. Ireland a. part of Britain b. threat to stability of Britain i. worked with French multitude during war with England in1793 1815 ii. rowing nationalism and threat of revolution 3. France and Alsace a. Alsace had german ancestry, but the inhabitants had assimilated with France i. Germany held resentment of losing land ii. reclaimed during colligation in 1871 4. Loraine a. also formerly German, but all German ferment was gone b. Germany cute it for strategic regions i. City of Metz had a strong fort and would prevent French attack on Germany 5. loss of nations hoped to be accepted by France but would not be a. france was the most efficacious country in continental Europe b. would be threatened by a growing germanyC. German state loosely accepted 1. Co nsidered similar to full French or Spanish state 2. Most governmental lines followed nationality D. More problems in southeast regarding nationality and political relation 1. Britain and france had different ethnic groups but all generally shared out similar allegience a. Ethnicity was generally not an important thing 2. Bismark felt that enough of Europe had been unified 3. Gladstone felt that almost e truly ethnic group should gain emancipation excluding east Europe due to an incredibly large heart of ethnicities 4.Creation of modern states creates idea of all ethnicities having their own state a. Inspires east nationalism E. Rumanians 1. Roman pipeline 2. Contained literature, language, and culture but no political action a. controlled by Greece 3. Claimed land in bomb calorimeter in 1871 a. other provinces with Rumanians in Russia and Hungary F. Other ethnic groups in the east 1. Some, like Greeks and Serbs already had state 2. Some, like Slovenes had few requests for st ate 3. Other groups were so cloud that an independent state would be irrelevant G. Poland 1. once a mightily state . Roman Catholic religion VI. Swallowed batchs A. The Rumanians and the Poles like many other spate had been engulfed into other larger nations 1. Some like the Greeks and the Serbs had relaxd themselves into their own nations 2. Some like the Slovenes had never had their own nation and were barely stirred by a sense of nationalism 3. Still others like the Ghegs and Tosks were so small as to barely constitute a people much less a nation 4. Poland Swallowed B. Ceased to be a country after the trine partition 1. Was the largest of the imprisoned nations 2.Was a homogenous nation with one language, religion and a sense of national pride 3. The Polish national pride was seen as a threat as they had erupted in uprising in Russia trio generation by 1863 4. In Germany Poles remained a silent yet resentful minority C. In Austria the Poles received little change in t heir functioning lives and were allowed to keep the their cultural usages and were therefore less resentful 1. Poland Unifies Nations 2. Though the Poles created problems singly for each of the conglomerates that held them conjointly the division of Poland acted as a unifying force among the three conglomerates 3.The familiar fear of Polish confusion during and after the revolt of 1863 caused capital of North Dakota and Germany to offer German Support 4. Because Germany support Russia in the Revolt of 1863 Russia supported Germany in their attack on France in 1870 5. Poland though non-existent was one of the most important particularors in national relations 6. Conservatives viewed freeing Poland as something that would cause war and also cognise that the status quo in which there was no Poland was also a cause for war, where as the liberals sought determination of all peoples as an end above peace 7.In 1870 the conservatives had the much working point of view 8. Because of the diversity of the eastern European peoples and the conflicting personal matters of the major powers sorting them into nations would be a near impossible task 9. All the eastern European peoples were nicely divided into the powers Russia, Germany, Austria, and Turkey D. Weaknesses in the Conservative mooring 1. The conglomerates in which many peoples were contained could not achieve infixed accord 2. The empires containing many peoples could not act in harmony with each other as their interests usually in conflict 3.Russia and Austria specially held distain for each other after the Russian regular host aided the Austrian government in suppressing the 1848 revolt and the Austrian army did not return the give up upstairs in the Crimean war E. Turkey The nauseated normal of Europe 1. The ridged structure of the poof conglomerate did not allow for the government to progress with the times and it brutish in to a weak and change state 2. The increased sense of nationa l pride spread like wild fire among the divers(a) peoples of the Ottoman Empire meaning the people became ever more than difficult to control G. Nationalism a performer to an end 1.Formerly Nationalism had been a liberal ideal 2. all peoples should have self determination and national pride was a means to that end 3. However when the power of nationalism was realized the conservatives of Europe adopted nationalism for their own end 4. with national pride strengthening an empire the people of the empire are more willing to fight to empower the empire H. Pan-Slavism 1. Nationalism on the initiation of racial brotherhood the Slavs were of the kindred racial capitulation and were divided in to many little subdivisions similarly small to justify nations therefore it seemed logical to coalesce them all in to one pan-Slavic state 2.initially Pan-Slavism was a liberal movement for the determination of many people into one nation however with Russian Pan-Slavism it would be reborn in to a conservative remainder I. Russian Pan-Slavism 1. Invented by Nicholas Danilevsky 2. Pan-Slavism with the entirety of the Slavic states popstairs the rule of the Russian Empire 3. Turned a Liberal ideal into a Conservative end in that it empowered an already great empire rather than called for self determination of Slav peoples Chapter 2 The Austria Anomaly Main ArgumentLafore goes on to discuss the things that make up the Austrian Anomaly basically, wherefore Austria was so different than the other Great Powers of Europe. Lafore states that the other powers were constructed on a basis of nationality, whereas Austria was not, and major threats came in 1914 by the forces exercised by the minorities in nation states, and Austria consisted unaccompanied of minorities. He then goes on to discuss the dual- monarchy of Austria-Hungary, and how that change in the division of power further changed the world view of Austria.The nationalities stated are accompanied by their qualities and affiliations and the amount in each section of A-H. The maps are significant because they attribute to the argument that nationalities in A-H treasured to be re fall in with their home countries right over the b lay out. Main People Austria Hungary The nation was militarily strong and authoritative amongst the other European powers. However, unlike those countries, Austria Hungary was not united by a single cultural identity, but divided by cultural barriers.Magyars These were a clean-cut and powerful group of people who managed to preserve a seemingly immortal system of political tradition Germans They were the most populous and according to history the most native to the land in both Austria and Hungary. They were typically landowners, townsmen, and civil servants. Czechs They were the second most common minority, come a little less than 5 one thousand thousand. They had been endow with Bohemian reign before, and downstairs Habsburg rule, desired more recognition and res pect of their ethnicity.Ruthenes Around 3 billion, they lived in the eastern parts of the country and shared many similarities with Ukrainians in terms of culture and ancestry. Poles There were about 2 and a half million Poles invigoration in Austria, but they were absent in Hungary. Their extensive history and prominence provided them the foundation for national pride, like with other east European ethnicities. Rumanians There were about 3 million Rumanians who resided in Hungary. They were less restless in controlling their own affairs, often under the rule of dominating Magyars.Serbo-Croats Half a million of them lived in Austria, where as more than 2 million lived in Hungary. While bound by common ancestry, the culture of the deuce factions was really different. The Serbs experienced shortened independent success, but later on set about foreign rule by the Turkish and of eat the Habsburg. They were generally ladened and neglectful of modern ideals and lifestyles. Croats on the other hand had a more cultivate reputation and level of independence. Though as Magyars began to abuse power, loyalty waned.Habsburg Monarchy It was the oldest dynasty in Europe, having a dour history that was bound to the Romans and one that was against the Turks. It dealt with many home servant disputes that severely weakened its influence later on. What did preserve an otherwise antiquated and sometimes abusive source of power was its regal legacy and the emollient comme il fautties of the state. For the most part, it was successful and progressive. Austrian constitution It disregarded the diversity of the nation and primarily functioned on political prompts that were intended for united countries.Karl Lueger He was a charismatic mayor of capital of Austria who integrated socialism, anti-Semitism, Catholicism, and controversial politics. Socialists and Catholics These were popular political parties in the imperial parliament who objected to secession and partitioning . Both wanted extreme reforms in social distinguish and sparingal agenda, and often criticized the aristocracy. Archduke Francis Ferdinand He was very oppressive of the Hungarians and harmonic towards southern Slavs. This sentiment would initiate an impending belt of Slavic discontent. OutlineI. Main Facts and Events A. 1860 The Hapsburg Monarchy was defeated by the combined armies of the French and the Piedmontese and had been obliged to abandon its richest province Lombardy, in the Po Valley. B. 1866 Austria was attacked by the rival Prussian Army and decisively defeated. C. 1867 Austria ceased to be either a German or Italian power. D. subsequently 1866 internal changes were necessary, and so, the dual-monarchy was created, by establishing a state at bottom Austria, cognize as Hungary, and ruled by the Magyar people, make officially in 1867.II. Relationship(s) A. Lafore makes the connection between the multi-nationality of Austria-Hungary, and the way in which this fuele d the war. He says that because Austria was so diverse, and consisted tout ensemble of minorities, the other nations didnt view Austria as a nation, or take them seriously, and this lack of recognition influenced Austrias dislike of the other powers and drove them into the arms of a German bail whereupon Germany weight-lifted them into war.B. Lafore also brings up the fact that because of the dual-monarchy, decision qualification was extremely slow, and therefore bear on how soon, or in actuality, how long it took for Austria- Hungary to decide to declare war. III. National Perspectives A. The other Great Powers in Europe, because of Austrias multi-nationality, didnt view Austria as a nation, because it consisted of the anomalies that make the other powers uncomfortable. B.In Austria, there wasnt one single national view, or actual national pride, because of the wide diversity each group within itself, however, was very nationalistic, basing political affiliation upon nationali ty. C. Although the Magyars rose up and were granted their own state, not every other nationality was like that many were content to be include in Austria, and didnt feel the impoverishment to wedge for their own state. IV. Main Facts and Events with Dates 1870 the change of the Habsburg Monarchy to the Dual Monarchy of A-H. V. Relationship of events to causes of WWI as identified by Lafore A.Lafore contributed the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary as the main cause of the outbreak of WWI. B. The declaration of war followed the declining of the ultimatum as a response to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. C. Franz Ferdinand was assassinated because his views on the unification of all Serbs into A-H and creating a Tri-Monarchy. D. This was such a problem because the Serbs in A-H were very discontent with their position because they were bullied and oppressed by the Magyars, and wished to be reunited with Serbia.Which can all be traced from this section with the sta ting of nationalities and their relationships with the others. VI. Characterization of varying national perspectives, bond certificate shifts, etc. A. This section gives light to the nationalities and their problems in A-H 1. The absolute majority of nationalities were subject to oppression by those of higher word of honor like the Magyars and the Germans. 2. The majority of nationalities were Catholic, and Rome was in A-H so they felt obliged to be loyal to A-H for that fact. 3.The Magyars took control of the Dual Monarchy to make all their wishes true at the expense of all the other nationalities. VI. Strength of Austria Hungary A. Problems 1. Problems perpetually existed in Southeastern Europe 2. Greeks and Serbs win independence 3. Clashing political ideaologies liberals, Catholics B. Religious differences between Austria and Turkey 1. Balkans were more willing to be ruled by Christians Turkey was Muslims 2. Identifies Austria as the defender of Christianity C. Prosperity 1. instruction of light industry and job a. creates wealth b. auses divisions between indefatigable west and agrarian east 2. some(prenominal) problems with industry a. Hungary was agrarian bread basket b. Austria was industrious i. strengthens the divide between Magyars and Germans c. spic-and-span parties were created i. already seriously implementation of democracy ii. 22 political parties iii. allows nationalism and religion to dominate the country Chapter 3 Main Argument 1. The unification of Germany in 1871 greatly adapted the balance of power in Europe. von Bismarckian airiness broke down soon after Bismarcks dismissal in 1890, however it allowed for Germanys strong alliance with Austria. dickens c resurrects demonstrated the breakability of the Three emperor moths League, first one in 1875 when Bismarck became fright by the revival of the French from the defeat five years originally and seemed to be planning another war, and the second in 1876 during the revolution against the Turkish rule. Russians declared war on Turkey, but they were accused of illegal action and summoned before a court by the Powers. The Russians helped with the creation of Great Bulgaria, hoping that the Bulgars will later on be glad to them and allow them access to Constantinopole and the Straits.The Russians establishment at the furnish of Constantinople, and on the shores of the Aegean was a threat to Austria. Bismarck believed that the Balkans could cause trouble to anyone who controlled them, and Germanys interest should be in maintaining advanced relations with both Russia and Austria to make sure they stay in the majority of three great powers. Milan Obrenovich proposed to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy, if the transaction wouldve occurred, the Monarchy would have include the majority of the Southern Slavs and would be in position of dominance.Because both Austria and Germany required peace and the maintenance of active boundaries, and both had the achie ve them through treaties to bind their friends and dash off their enemies they were able to form a successful alliance based on their similar goals. Germany feared the attack by France, Austria feared all their neighbors and their alliance form a diplomatical bloc, and a very impressive forces unity. admission of Italy to the Austro German Alliance was very significance, and Italys reasons for join were based on domestic political concerns. 2.The creation of the Bulgarian state upset the balance Europe had achieved in the 1880s. The German prince atop the Bulgarian rear lost popularity by attempting to control Bulgaria, make up Eastern Rumelia, and destroy Serbia. He was force to abdicate and replaced by another German prince. Russia, angered, disrupted the Three Emperors League. France and Russia swore a secret alliance, at the time where Russia assay to industrialize. Main People J Otto von Bismarck The Chancellor of Germany, he over dictum the unification in 1871 and pr evail its affairs until his dismissal in 1890J Milan Obrenovich The Prince of Serbia, had a suspicion that the Serbs wanted to assassinate him, he best-loved to live in capital of Austria and offered to sell Serbia to the Habsburg Monarchy Outline 1. Bismarck dismissed, 1890 a. Bismarckian diplomacy broke down system of alliances faltered b. Bismarcks Europe had Germany border by ally c. Bismarck says, Dont get involved in the Balkans 2. Turkey was the Sick Man of Europe 3. Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 (Russia, Germany would remain inert in wars involving one or the other), contradicted the Austrian Alliance 4.Franco-Russian Alliance, 1894 B. Causes of WWI 1. combining of Wilhelms inexperience, Russias greed caused them to clash over the Balkans 2. Bulgarian creation and monarchial maintenance Russia angry at Germans, Bulgarians 3. Austro-Hungarian composition its existence as not one nation state C. Characterization 1. After Bismarcks dismissal, the balance of power set up by Bismar cks careful alliances, fell apart 2. Britain did not see the need for Germany to get involved in the Balkans 3. Bismarck specifically utter that Germany should not get involved in the Balkans 4.Wilhelms inexperience caused Russia and France to become closer as allies Chapter 4 Main Argument 1. It was Germanys question interest to assure the isolation of France and in 1894 this objective was defeated by the Franco-Russian Alliance. Germany was a federal empire restricted in its powers. The baron of Prussia was also German Emperor. Reichstag was authorized to approve or reject new taxes. The monarchy and a great many private citizens were making a proud connection between the dreadful military reputation of Prussia and the welfare.The chancellor, faced with the opposition of powerful opponents in the Reichstag, was given to invoking patriotism and the glory of the army in order to induce voters to vote for the right parties. The Daily Telegraph episode was a public scandal that sh ook German confidence in the nates. Germany, the great military power in Europe in 1871, was by 1914 the principal industrial power. The nautical forces League was influential, and the Pan-Germanists and the racists were not in any way peculiarly German phenomena.France and Russia were regarded as Britains impersonal enemies, Britain and Germany were traditionally friendly, and Prussia and Britain had fought together in the two greatest wars of British history- the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic War. Germany had supplied Britains dynasty and most of its rulers consorts, and the German Empress was a British princess. Germanys potential enemies, the French and the Russians occupied Egypt in 1882. Germany but not Great Britain possessed a large army and if the British wanted an alliance, they were congenial to join the dual Alliance.The British had no interest in Germanys Continental rivalries, the secret consignment of the Triple Alliance. 2. One of the main points that La fore is making in this passage concerns the fact that the encirclement of Germany was caused due to the increase closeness of British and French relations and to an extent the Russians, as well as Italy straying from the Triple Alliance. In order to break these relations, Germany created a crisis, the Maroc Crisis, in order to try to force Britain to publically abandon the French.This only caused a strengthening in Anglo-French affairs since in the Algeciras conference that followed the crisis, the two countries band together with Italy against Germany for oppressing Moroccan independence. The naval disputes between Germany and Britain also helped alienate the two since they posed dismay and threats to one another. The Triple Entente also came about when an Anglo-Russian covenant was signed which also strengthened the encirclement around Germany, but was viewed lightly since they Germans did not believe it could cobblers last very long.The geographical encirclement of Germany wi th these new diplomatic relations, did not cause the war but it did fight back a breakdown of German relations with the British and Italians which left Germany with only one weaker potential ally. Main People 1. Friedrich von Bernhardi Wrote Germany and the Next War 2. William II An despotic and foolish autocrat 3. Heinrich von Treitschke Historian with armed triumph and the military virtues. 4. HolsteinaGerman Foreign Office director was a Memphis-tophelean figure, who retired in 1909, left a mark on German policy. 5.Protector of Islam Saved the British from defeat in South Africa. 6. Theophile Delcasse French foreign minister that was forced to resign. 7. Chancellor von Bulow German Chancellor who coherent the Moroccan crisis. 8. Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz Secretary of the German Navy- alarmed the British with his plan for German advance in dark blue. 9. Edward seven-spot New successor to the English throne who disliked Germany and his German relatives and was fond of the Pa ris of the epicurean age. He exerted strong influence to secure the involution of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts and in theForeign Office.He represented the Francophilia arising in England. Main Events 1. Germanys main goal was to sequester France In 1894, this goal was shut down b/c of the Franco-Russian alliance 2. Devised by Bismarck in 1866 intended to permit the Chancellor to neutralize his domestic enemies, facilitate Germany unification by bribing its opponents w/political favors 3. In 1871, Germany was the greatest military power. By 1914, Germany was the leadership industrial power 4. 1894 Germany was faced with the diplomatic combination of France and Russia. Franco Russian alliance would not be disastrous in a war if GB remained neutral.Russia were regarded as Britains natural enemies, Britain and traditionally friendly and Prussia and Britain had fought together greatest wars of British history 5. 1901-Queen capital of Seychelles dies. Fra nce and Germany were in the two 6. Edward VII takes over from Queen Victoria in 1901. When he took over, he exerted a strong influence so as to secure the designation of pro-French and anti-German diplomats to important posts abroad and in the Foreign office. 7. Francophilia started dissemination throughout the British cabinet, starting with Edward VII as a result of his changes to the cabinet. 8.Franco-British relationships began improving after Edward took over, and a diplomatic agreement was reached in 1904 in which France recognised and accepted British occupation of Egypt and the British know the French interest in Morocco. 9. In 1900, the French allowed the Italians to take Libya, and the Italians allowed France to take Morocco. 10. When the triple entente was renew in 1902, both Italy and France agreed to remain neutral if either side was attacked by another power. 11. Germany saw the potential for an alliance between Britain and France, and wanted to prevent this in orde r to preserve the Triple alliance. 2. Von Bulow forced the German emperor to meet with the Sultan while he was on a cruise in the Mediterranean, so as to test the alliance between Britain and France. The visit itself showed German indication to protect Morocco against Frenchdesigns. 13. A conference was called in Berlin to consider French violations in regulating its position of power in Morocco which met in Algeciras in January 1906. When the conference ended three months later, the result was France being recognized ashaving special rights, and therefore allowed to channelize The Moroccan police and finances. 4. 1897 The first German navy bill was passed, which provided for the construction of 19 powerful German battleships to be built over a period of 5 years. This, along with Alfred von Tirpitzs risk theory would create a threat against the British which showed the German defiance of Britain. 15. The British building of the Dreadnought was further cause for the naval rivalry f orming between the two nations. 16. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war subtracted it from the ranks of the Great powers in 1905. 17.The Anglo-Russian agreement was signed in August, 1907. B. Causes of WWI 1. If the Germans had chosen Russia as an alliance, instead of Austria, then French and Austria would have formed an alliance and the encirclement would have been more real 2. Strengthened Franco-British relations in the early twentieth century would spurn alliances and turn Germany into a common threat for both nations. 3. The Anglo-German maritime rivalries that began to arise in the early 20th century would serve to adjure British alarm against Germany and crumble Anglo-German relations. 4.The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese war would give way for the Anglo-Russian agreement, which would seal the condemn of encirclement for Germany in the upcoming war. With three of the great powers allied, little actions which would spurn Germany to go to war, would essent ially cause the other three nations to go to war as well. C. Characterization 1. Politicians in Russia, France, and Great Britain stressed the intentions and permit interests of their own countries, friends, and allies. 2. No clear line btwn the spheres of the decision maker authority and the parliament 3.Germanys potential enemies, the French and the Russians a most impotent = the French 4. Edward VII was a powerful Francophile as well as anti-German who made it his duty to spread his ideals in the British office when he took over to appoint diplomatswhich shared his views as well. This would come to alter to decisions and nationalistic views in the decade before the outbreak of war. With the new changes in perspective of Britain, a French alliance did not seem too far off, as it did say a decade before. 5. Both Britain and France began seeing Germany more and more as a threat, and this strengthened the alliance between the two. 6.Germany wanted to prevent a Franco-British allian ce at any cause, and tried to do so by provoking the Moroccan crisis. The Purpose of the crisis was to get the British to publicly abandon the French, as well as to show an awesome display of German power and prestige in world affairs. 7. With the German failure in the First Moroccan crisis, Germany became more encircled than before, with France and Britain now standing together against German interests as well as the breakdown of Anglo-German relations. 8. The naval rivalry that was forming between Britain and Germany would give rise to alarm within both nations, which was seen through the reation of alarmist pamphlets and schools in both nations which somewhat demonized the other. This would only serve for Anglo-German relations to deteriorate further. 9. With the defeat of the Russians in the Russo-Japanese war, Germany became more threatening to Britain as it now no longer had to fear an eastern enemy, and this gave rise for a revolution in Anglo-Russian relations. 10. Because G ermany could no longer count on the neutrality of the Great powers in the event of war, Germany sought to reach an agreement with Turkey. Chapter 5 Main ArgumentFrom pages 141-151, Lafore examines Serbians role leading up to war and how it impacted other nations. Lafore argues that Serbian involvement, startning with the assassination of their King is what eventually kick started the string of events followed by Austrian involvement and then German actions leading to the outbreak of World War I. Some Serbian events that Lafore argues impacted the war are the assassination of their king, Austro Russian affairs in Serbian government, European involvement in Macedonia, The prey War, Montenegro, and the Yugoslav indian lodge.All of these events made up the beginnings of the downward corkscrew in the order of Europe eventually leading to war. From P. 152-161 The Bosnian crisis brought Europe closer to the brink of war. Russia and Austria became enemies because each had competing c laims for territory and influence in the Balkans. Austria wanted to kibosh its slow decline and preserve its status as a great power by winning more belligerent action in the Balkans. On the other hand, the Russians wanted to show they were still powerful, after their defeat by Japan, by trying to gain more influence in the Balkans.Russia and Austria almost went to war and the resulting peace confrence exacerbated the tensions and divides between the Central powers and the Triple Entente. From P. 165-179 The Turkish Revolution of 1908 is an attempt to once again upraise the Ottoman empire, overthrowing the tyrannical Sultan Abdul Hamid in order to eliminate corruption in govt but has failed. The Great Powers still continue to weigh in affairs and corruption remains. The Balkan states seize opportunity to liberate the minorities under Turkish rule.Russia is the main supporter for these minorities and wants to take an offensive battle against Turkey so that it can gain warm water p orts in dense Sea, wanting to elevating its dominance in Europe and change magnitude trade. Rebellions take place in 1912 (further degrading the Ottoman empire) which poses an opportunity for the Balkan states to attack. These events start the first Balkan war and the now independent countries take hold of the majority Turkish territory besides Constantinople. The Bulgarians are given very little compensation and Serbs expand which the Hagsburg empire detests.From 179-187 The Bosnian Crisis was a crisis with critical effects that set into proceeding events that would have an immediate effect on the coming of World War One. Lafore argues that the Bosnian Crisis begins military planning between Austria-Hungary and Germany in which Germany becomes more supportive of Austria-Hungary because of the rise of Slavdom and the encirclement of Germany. Germany was looking to solidify its alliances as its military position became direr. Also nationalist groups in Serbia begin to form such as the Black mitt and The Peoples Union.These groups will be responsible for mounting tensions between the Serbians and the Austro-Hungarians. Main People juvenility Turks secular revolutionaries who wanted to revive the Ottoman empire by reform in govt New Russian Foreign Minister want Russia to a protector again. Encourages the Serbs to nationalize and provide offensive against Turkey. Archduke Francis Ferdinand wanted to unite the Slavs together against the dislike of the Magyars. Poincare He is the PM and Foreign Minister of France in 1912. He wanted a general war with Germany in order to gain Alsace Lorraine back.Conservative and nationalist figure. His policies are urged by revenge. Outline I. The Bones of a Pomeranian Grenadier a. June 1903= Serbian officers assassinated their king and queen i. Lafore uses language to apprize that the assassination was very messy and in turn upset the entire balance of events in Europe ii. Assassination ending up effecting the Austrian state which in turn effected the German army which in turn effected what mattered to mankind b. Serbia i. Serbia very rural population capital=Belgrade ii. dwelling of Karageorgevich=Prince Peter scion in 1903 ii. Prince Peter=elderly capable man who lived in exile iv. Other house was House of Obrenovich=occupied the throne through King Alexander II=young man of oblivious talents, doubtful morals, and bad political judgement v. His married woman caused much hatred from the population 1. Lafore uses sharp language to describe the disposition of her in the public eye vi. Kings throne not secure=dependent upon Austrian support and friendship with the Russians Group OutlinePages 141-204 18The Long Fuse Group Outlines Ms. Johnson 2010-2011 ii. Alexander act to please both the liberal and radical companionship=led to contradictions of himself in governmental opinions Liberals eventually turned against him viii. Russians supported radical and Austrians supported Liberals c. Austro-Russian affairs i. Austria act to persuade Russia that neither of them should meddle in Serbian affairs that put them at a mischief ii. Austrian Foreign Minister Agenor von Goluchowski suggested that Austria could eventually annex smaller nations and Russia could do the same iii.Russia declined this proposal but signed an agreement to maintain the exsisting order of things d. Russian Foreign Minister Count Lamsdorf assured Austria that they were too busy with eastern affairs to be involved in Serbian relations i. At the same time, Russia remained unperturbedly involved in Serbia and supporting the Radicals e. The quiet Austro-Russian affairs benefited the new Serbian government i. The new Serbian government was very much hostile, radical, and radical ii. Peter Karageorgevich was brought in and installed as the new ing=promised to maintain a good relationship with his neighbors as long as he was supported iii. Government require to be nationalistic if it was to stay in power=started to depend on Russia and created Austrophobia f. Macedonia was in great need of reform i. Serbia too control and hoped for Russian support ii. Russians to busy in the East to give proper support g. Mursteg Punctation i. Accepted by Ottoman government allowed for policing of Macedonia by major powers h. Russia was defeated in the far east i. They hurt themselves even more by continuing to meddle in Serbian affairs and eing unwilling to cooperate with Austria ii. Supported Rusphile Nikola Pashitch as charge Minister iii. Relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia in declining spiraling i. The Pig War and the Rise of Pan-Serbism i. Serbia tied commercially to the Austro Hungarian empire=not economically good for Serbia ii. Serbia attempted to end this dependence=first major sep was signing of customs treaty with Bulgaria in 1905 iii. Austrian responded in 1906 by stopping all Serbian livestock imports iv. Led to struggle called the Pig War which lasted five years with short interruptio ns he Austrians were contumacious to show the Serbs they had more power and Serbia was determined to be economically free j. Serbia took their markets elsewhere i. They succeeded and rattling gained more revenue than before the Pig War making them extremely confident ii. Serbian success greatly surprised and angered the Austrians iii. It create a divide in their monarchy and made them upset because they believed tat a greater Serbia would be harmful iv. Austria in turn made the Serbs excessively sensitive to trade routes v. Serbia wanted a railroad straight to the Adriatic sea as a direct ommercial outlet but Austria opposed it Montenegro became a Serbian enemy i. After once being an ally of Serbia, Montenegro became an enemy=Serbia attempted to murder their Prince ii. Prince Nicholas had made himself unpopular with his own people iii. Montenegro suspected Serbia and informant from the Serbian Ministry of War gave them education that confirmed these suspicions iv. Incident showed extremes Serbs were willing to go to push for South Slav Liberation Yugoslav Club i. One of many nationalist societies beginning to pompousness in Serbia ii.The only reason these groups effected Austro-Serb relations was the Pig War and pan-Serb impact on the monarchy iii. Two meetings of Slav politicians at Fiume and Zara demanding full rights of self- government for Austrian Slavs and to end the dual system that enabled Magyars to oppress them iv. Vienna government began to contemplate extreme measures v. Extreme measures were about to be taken and the lesson was learned that there was no point wasting time in economic affairs vi. The long Bosnian crisis began in the declension of 1908=illuminated the existing tensions and realities and produced new ones